Alcohol Related Problems

IntroductionAlcohol related problems is one of today’s contemporary issues, as there are studies that suggest that due to alcohol related problems there are various impacts that it can have to an individual, and it can include social harms and any antisocial behaviour, such as alcohol fuelled violence. This literature review will explore the academic readings, that help assist identity key issues relating to a criminology perspective of alcohol related problems. Ergo, based on past research from the academic readings this literature review will explore prevention strategies that help reduce social harm to the individual and the community, and also the consequences that alcohol can lead to. Also, this literature review, has identified gaps within the academic sources. The gaps that all the sources have in common would be, the use of education and intervention for the individuals on alcohol related problems to control criminal behaviours before it is too late and also, the lack of numeric statistics and evidences supporting the academic sources.Benefits of the Literature ReviewBy analysing the academic sources, it can assist in gaining proper knowledge of the effects that alcohol can lead to and the prevention strategies that are able to prevent and reduce social harm to the individual and community from the misuse of alcohol. Ergo, this literature review will benefit ‘assignment three’ as it is able to give a proper understanding of ‘alcohol related problems’ within areas, such as Manly.Consequences of Alcohol Related ProblemsThe Australian Medical Association (2012) mentions that most Australians, especially the youths within society are drinking in a way that puts their own health at risk, which causes further harm to themselves and others’ around them. Morgan and McAtamney (2009), Wells and Graham (2003), Dearden and Payne (2009), Dawe, Harnett and Frye (2008) and the Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy (2001), all hav e a common idea of the types of consequences that involve the use of alcohol related problems. The similarities of these  literature articles has shown that the consequences, mainly involve alcohol related violence within the community and within the family. Alcohol-related crime and disorder can have a huge impact on the perceptions of crime and safety among the broader community, ergo making the community fearing for their safety (Morgan&McAtamney, 2009). Based on the literature sources, the main consequences of alcohol related problems involve the following:Firstly, according to the 2007 national drug strategy household (AIHW, 2008), it highlights that ‘thirteen percent of Australians are made to feel fearful by someone under the influence of alcohol' and ‘almost five percent of Australians aged above fourteen years old have been physically abused by someone under the influence of alcohol'. However, not all alcohol related violence are all physical, statistics have shown that ‘one in four Australian victims of alcohol related violence have been verbally abused and neglected' (Morgan&McAtamney, 2009).Furthermore, alcohol is the main reason of the occurring domestic violence and child abuse and neglect within the Australian household (Dawe, Harnett&Frye, 2008). This can be supported by Dube et. al. (2001) stating that child abuse from those parents who misuse or abuse alcohol are more likely to be subjected to various forms of physical and verbal abuse. From the research, it provides an evidence that from the mistreatment of children, especially those who were victims of physical abuse and neglect, are more likely to offend later in their lives due to the idea of the victims having a high exposure to alcohol in their lives and create a cycle of alcoholic problems.Secondly, Dearden and Payne (2009) and Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy (2001) has suggested that, violence that is fuelled by the alcohol consumption can lead to homicide. Ac cording to the National Homicide Monitoring Program’s database, it stated that ‘around half of forty-seven percent of all homicides within Australia in 2000-2006 were alcohol related' (Dearden&Payne, 2009). Thus, most of these homicides have concluded that both the offender and victim were intoxicated. In contrast, Wallace (1986) believes that alcohol is not the direct link to homicide, but is in fact encourages the offender to offend. Findings have shown that there are still on-going debates on whether or not alcohol consumptions are the direct cause  of homicide or if it is just the aggression of the offender from consuming alcohol. In regards to Wallace (1986) their concluding arguments are very weak and bias as there are no formal evidence supporting their claim. However, either way as a consequence, alcohol consumption could lead to homicide.Prevention strategies on Alcohol Related ProblemsAccording to the following literature, it has shown that there have been m any crime prevention, which are usually enforced by the law enforcement and criminal justice system. All of the following academic readings share similar notions of the alcohol related crime prevention and policy makings to be able to reduce social harm involving the individual and their community.Policy making by stakeholders, involve the access and availability of alcohol can help reduce the alcohol related problems occurring to the individual and their community. Ergo, the Liquor Act legislation prohibits the supply of alcohol to individuals under the age of 18 years old (Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy, 2001; McMurran, 2012). Thus, alcohol suppliers are to thoroughly check identification of the individual and if the individual who is under the age of 18 years old, holds and shows fake identification, law enforcement may be involved, as strict penalties for infringements apply, which could result in going to court or receiving a fine. In contrast,Trim, Leuthe and Chassin (20 06) argues that not all alcohol purchases are made by those who are under 18 years old but the individuals may ask an adult; who could be a relative or a stranger, to help them obtain the alcohol.Furthermore, the findings have proven that individuals can find a way around policies, in regards to the access and availability to alcohol, however, there are no evidence to future validate this argument. In addition, to make this approach to be more effective in the future, there should be surveillance cameras outside the store to watch out for any negative activity. Also, to decrease the curiosity of alcohol for children, law enforcement and education should work together in preventing alcohol related problems and stop the cycle. For example, the use of ‘Healthy Harold' during school, to educate the children on the consequences of alcohol.Similarly, Robert, Ammerman, Peggy, Ott, Ralph and Tarter (1999) and Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy (2001) agree that in regards to the dev elopment of police initiatives; random breath testing is a successful crime prevention in road crashes, as it motivates the individual to drink responsibly. This can be supported by the reduction of the alcohol involved crashes on the roads (Homel, 1988). From the readings, this is usually because the individuals do not want to be caught and be financially and emotionally strained. However, this policy is through police discretion and power. It is up to the law enforcement agencies, in regards to whether or not the individual should be arrested or fine (McMurran, 2012).Thus, this type of prevention strategy needs to be committed by the law enforcement in order to keep the road safe from those under the influence of alcohol, or else there would be no use for the policy and instead create more chaos on roads. Hence, to avoid the lack of commitment from the law enforcement agencies there should be proper training and licences to protect members of the community from alcohol related pro blems.ConclusionThis literature review has highlighted the consequences of alcohol and the strategies to help prevent and reduce social harm to the community and the individual. Through the findings of the crime prevention of alcohol related crimes, it has shown it is not as effective. Thus, it has shown that there needs to be a new approach on alcohol related problems. Ergo, any changes involving the criminal justice strategies are most likely to succeed. Furthermore, it is important to apply formal and informal controls in regards to the misuse of alcohol and problematic behaviours. Overall, there were gaps within the academic readings used in this literature review, nevertheless, it has given a better understanding of different point of views, in regards of alcohol related problems in a criminology perspective. ï » ¿Alcohol Related Problems IntroductionAlcohol related problems is one of today’s contemporary issues, as there are studies that suggest that due to alcohol related problems there are various impacts that it can have to an individual, and it can include social harms and any antisocial behaviour, such as alcohol fuelled violence. This literature review will explore the academic readings, that help assist identity key issues relating to a criminology perspective of alcohol related problems. Ergo, based on past research from the academic readings this literature review will explore prevention strategies that help reduce social harm to the individual and the community, and also the consequences that alcohol can lead to.Also, this literature review, has identified gaps within the academic sources. The gaps that all the sources have in common would be, the use of education and intervention for the individuals on alcohol related problems to control criminal behaviours before it is too late and also, the lack o f numeric statistics and evidences supporting the academic sources.Benefits of the Literature ReviewBy analysing the academic sources, it can assist in gaining proper knowledge of the effects that alcohol can lead to and the prevention strategies that are able to prevent and reduce social harm to the individual and community from the misuse of alcohol. Ergo, this literature review will benefit ‘assignment three’ as it is able to give a proper understanding of ‘alcohol related problems’ within areas, such as Manly.Consequences of Alcohol Related ProblemsThe Australian Medical Association (2012) mentions that most Australians, especially the youths within society are drinking in a way that puts their own health at risk, which causes further harm to themselves and others’ around them. Morgan and McAtamney (2009), Wells and Graham (2003), Dearden and Payne (2009), Dawe, Harnett and Frye (2008) and the Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy (2001), all have a common idea of the types of consequences that involve the use of alcohol related problems.The similarities of these  literature articles has shown that the consequences, mainly involve alcohol related violence within the community and within the family. Alcohol-related crime and disorder can have a huge impact on the perceptions of crime and safety among the broader community, ergo making the community fearing for their safety (Morgan&McAtamney, 2009). Based on the literature sources, the main consequences of alcohol related problems involve the following:Firstly, according to the 2007 national drug strategy household (AIHW, 2008), it highlights that ‘thirteen percent of Australians are made to feel fearful by someone under the influence of alcohol' and ‘almost five percent of Australians aged above fourteen years old have been physically abused by someone under the influence of alcohol'. However, not all alcohol related violence are all physical, statistics have sh own that ‘one in four Australian victims of alcohol related violence have been verbally abused and neglected' (Morgan&McAtamney, 2009).Furthermore, alcohol is the main reason of the occurring domestic violence and child abuse and neglect within the Australian household (Dawe, Harnett&Frye, 2008). This can be supported by Dube et. al. (2001) stating that child abuse from those parents who misuse or abuse alcohol are more likely to be subjected to various forms of physical and verbal abuse. From the research, it provides an evidence that from the mistreatment of children, especially those who were victims of physical abuse and neglect, are more likely to offend later in their lives due to the idea of the victims having a high exposure to alcohol in their lives and create a cycle of alcoholic problems.Secondly, Dearden and Payne (2009) and Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy (2001) has suggested that, violence that is fuelled by the alcohol consumption can lead to homicide. Acco rding to the National Homicide Monitoring Program’s database, it stated that ‘around half of forty-seven percent of all homicides within Australia in 2000-2006 were alcohol related' (Dearden&Payne, 2009). Thus, most of these homicides have concluded that both the offender and victim were intoxicated. In contrast, Wallace (1986) believes that alcohol is not the direct link to homicide, but is in fact encourages the offender to offend.Findings have shown that there are still on-going debates on whether or not alcohol consumptions are the direct cause  of homicide or if it is just the aggression of the offender from consuming alcohol. In regards to Wallace (1986) their concluding arguments are very weak and bias as there are no formal evidence supporting their claim. However, either way as a consequence, alcohol consumption could lead to homicide.Prevention strategies on Alcohol Related ProblemsAccording to the following literature, it has shown that there have been many crime prevention, which are usually enforced by the law enforcement and criminal justice system. All of the following academic readings share similar notions of the alcohol related crime prevention and policy makings to be able to reduce social harm involving the individual and their community.Policy making by stakeholders, involve the access and availability of alcohol can help reduce the alcohol related problems occurring to the individual and their community. Ergo, the Liquor Act legislation prohibits the supply of alcohol to individuals under the age of 18 years old (Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy, 2001; McMurran, 2012). Thus, alcohol suppliers are to thoroughly check identification of the individual and if the individual who is under the age of 18 years old, holds and shows fake identification, law enforcement may be involved, as strict penalties for infringements apply, which could result in going to court or receiving a fine.In contrast,Trim, Leuthe and Chassin (2006) argues that not all alcohol purchases are made by those who are under 18 years old but the individuals may ask an adult; who could be a relative or a stranger, to help them obtain the alcohol. Furthermore, the findings have proven that individuals can find a way around policies, in regards to the access and availability to alcohol, however, there are no evidence to future validate this argument.In addition, to make this approach to be more effective in the future, there should be surveillance cameras outside the store to watch out for any negative activity. Also, to decrease the curiosity of alcohol for children, law enforcement and education should work together in preventing alcohol related problems and stop the cycle. For example, the use of ‘Healthy Harold' during school, to educate the children on the consequences of alcohol.Similarly, Robert, Ammerman, Peggy, Ott, Ralph and Tarter (1999) and Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy (2001) agree that in regards to the develop ment of police initiatives; random breath testing is a successful crime prevention in road crashes, as it motivates the individual to drink responsibly. This can be supported by the reduction of the alcohol involved crashes on the roads (Homel, 1988). From the readings, this is usually because the individuals do not want to be caught and be financially and emotionally strained.However, this policy is through police discretion and power. It is up to the law enforcement agencies, in regards to whether or not the individual should be arrested or fine (McMurran, 2012). Thus, this type of prevention strategy needs to be committed by the law enforcement in order to keep the road safe from those under the influence of alcohol, or else there would be no use for the policy and instead create more chaos on roads. Hence, to avoid the lack of commitment from the law enforcement agencies there should be proper training and licences to protect members of the community from alcohol related problem s.ConclusionThis literature review has highlighted the consequences of alcohol and the strategies to help prevent and reduce social harm to the community and the individual. Through the findings of the crime prevention of alcohol related crimes, it has shown it is not as effective. Thus, it has shown that there needs to be a new approach on alcohol related problems. Ergo, any changes involving the criminal justice strategies are most likely to succeed.Furthermore, it is important to apply formal and informal controls in regards to the misuse of alcohol and problematic behaviours. Overall, there were gaps within the academic readings used in this literature review, nevertheless, it has given a better understanding of different point of views, in regards of alcohol related problems in a criminology perspective.

Police Diversity Essay

Racial discrimination is an issue that so many professionals know about. Dealing with it may be the problem, but attempts to deal with it have been shown since the early times when it was noticed. According to Zeisel, there is evidence that the federal courts of appeal have been urged to take action on the administration of death sentences. Zeises notes that the death sentences in the federal courts, which he writes as a Florida experience, were administered discriminating against the black people (1981). In his writing, Zeisel states that two petitioners had provided evidence showing that the black offenders were being discriminated. The petitioners are, Maxwell V. Bishop who provided evidence to show that the black offenders were being discriminated against, and a petitioner in Spinkerllink v. Wainwright, who provided data showing that murderers of the white people were being discriminated against. This report by the petitioner from Spinkerllink indicated that there were high chances of murderers of the white to end up in death rows than murderers of the black people Zeisel, 1981). This though never received any action as the courts are noted to have refused to obtain evidence of racial discrimination. Zeisel notes that the data available in the criminal justice system of Florida, prove that there have been such kinds of discrimination (1981). This is a case that was identified in the 1980’s, but does it exist today? Has the system changed? Racial discrimination has been a major problem in most federal courts with most minorities, especially the black people, facing cruel judgments than the white people. Some reports indicate that more blacks are found behind bars than whites considering their number in the total American population. The people are few in number, yet if the number of people in prison is compared to the white people in prison, they are almost half the whites total. This is the aim of this paper. Analysis of data about arrests made in Florida will be done to determine if the minorities are arrested more and if still, there is racial discrimination. Data to be analyzed was obtained from the Florida department of Law enforcement, which was recorded in the year 2004 by UCR. Analysis Do minority commit more crimes? According to the statistics on arrests by age and race in Florida, there are several offenses for which the white, Indians and the black people were arrested. Whites constituted a bigger group of people arrested with a total of 672,987, this is followed by the black people who were a total of 351,871. The total Indians arrested were 1,496 (Department of Law Enforcement, 2005). There are some offenses that no Indian was arrested at all, for example bribery and embezzlement. Comparing this to the other groups, a total of 38 whites were arrested for bribery and 20 black people for the same offense. In the case of embezzlement, 363 blacks were arrested while 749 whites were arrested(Department of Law Enforcement, 2005. The offense categorized as miscellaneous had the highest number of offenders with 299, 442 white offenders, 159,378 black offenders and 1,034 Indian offenders. Drug arrest and simple assault also had high numbers of offenders. White people arrested for simple assault were 60, 018, while the black offenders in this case were 29,650, and the Indian offenders arrested for this case were 89. Drug arrests had these numbers; whites 84,829, black people 65,167 and Indians 112 (Department of Law Enforcement, 2005. These are examples from the data obtained about arrests made in the year 2004 under various offenses. Generally, the minority, which in this case is the black people, committed more crime. This is because the number of black people in Florida compared to the total population is small. Research reports show that in the year 2000, the percentage of non white people was 17. 8. The total population of Florida then was 15,982,824 (Schenker, 2008). From this data, it means that the non white people were only 2,844,943. This includes even the Indians. The population in the year 2007 is noted to be 18,680,367 indicating a growth of 16. 9%. This means that on average, each year, there was an approximate growth increase of 449,591 making an approximate of 177, 811,88 total population of Florida as at 2004. The rate of increase of the the non white population per year is approximated as 0. 31% (8,819) based on the fact that the total percentage increase of the total population by 2010 is 19. 8% (Schenker, 2008). This means that the total non white population based on the yearly increase was approximately 2,880,219 in 2004. If this population is compared with the approximated total population in 2004, then the number of non white people is small compared to white. This is proof that more blacks commit more crimes according to the data from the Florida Department of Law Enforcement. An example is in drug arrests. The number of white people arrested in this case is 84, 829. The total number of white people if approximated in the year 2004 was 14,900,969. From this the percentage of the white people arrested is 0. 569%. If this is compared to the number of black people arrested which is 65,167 on drug arrests, the percentage arrested to the nonwhite population is 2. 263%. This calculation is done using the total of non white people which includes Indians. If the number of Indians were excluded, then it means the total percentage would be higher. From this calculation, the number of black people arrested is higher by 1. 694%. How can this be judged? That these people commit more crimes? According to several sources, there have been so many cases of discrimination against black people living in America. This could just be a proof to it. It is though just an assumption since the number of people arrested cannot prove that the people are being discriminated against, though is a strong indication. Domnitiz and Knowles noted after research that black people were found to be guilty in police practices more than the white people. The economists note that â€Å"unbiased police practices as the police plans to do, can not prove that the guilt rates of motorists will be equalized among all races† This implies that however much the police try to show that they do not practice any racism in their policing, there is still knowledge by the public that there is racial discrimination in police practices. Domnitiz and Knowles indicated that motor vehicle search statistics show that the black motorists are singled out more that the white people (2006). The above case could therefore be considered as racial discrimination. Conclusion  From the above analysis, it is quite evident that there is racism. Just from the many sources that information is obtained, most of the cases are just indicating discrimination against the black people. In some sources though, black policemen were also found to be discriminative (Jaynes and Williams, 2007). This though is not indicated in the discussion but is an indication that even the black can discriminate against the other races. It may be therefore that, discrimination is due to the fact that the black are a minority. It is not easy to conclude this way though as there are other races in Florida too. What then can be the reason?

Evergreen Naturals Market Essay

There were numerous factors that contributed towards the constant success of Evergreen Natural Markets. The company’s methodology towards growth and expansion is one of the integral factors. Where most companies seek to grow by re-investing their profits back into their businesses (ploughing back), Evergreen adopted a more radical approach by acquiring other competing companies or companies that show potential of growing rapidly. Evergreen designed a strategy that was twofold in nature. By bringing in rival companies under the Evergreen umbrella, the approach simply eliminated any competition, increased the resources and financial base and made it easier for Evergreen to have a wider scope and reach. Granted, acquisitions have issues with integration of management and operations. However, this approach has been steadily used by Evergreen, and this has resulted in its prosperity as an organic food distributor. As the latest addition to the Evergreen umbrella, Aragula Grocers serve to make the effect of the mother company increasingly widespread. The recent acquisition can allow the company to lower its prices and engage in aggressive marketing that will make Evergreen more successful. 2. Why do stores improve their performance after being acquired by Evergreen? The main reason for the increased performance after joining the Evergreen was the approach adopted by Evergreen. On the surface, they may seem like clear acquisitions. However, the acquired stores are allowed to maintain their functional systems and procedures. In this way, Evergreen owns the stores but allows them to continue operating in the same way. The slight modifications that at times were made on the administration and management included branding, change in sales approach, and other minor issues. Using the operational systems of the different stores, Evergreen was able to utilise their combined efforts and attain massive profits. On the other hand, the smaller stores also got to prosper under the Evergreen because of two arch factors. One was the fresh infusion of capital and administrative support provided by Evergreen. Evergreen offered increased investment opportunities by providing the capital, human resources, and other assistance. The second factor was an advantage of working under a larger company that allows one to work without much competition from the outside. 3. How well does the acquisition of Arugula Grocers align with Evergreen’s established approach to integrating new stores? What modifications, if any, should Norton make? The acquisition of Aragula Grocers is an advantageous addition to the Evergreen group as it offered new opportunities in Nevada, Las Vegas. However, several modifications would serve to improve the situation in their relations. Firstly, Mrs. Norton should introduce more effective communication measures that will ensure that the link between Evergreen and Aragula Grocers is not severed. It was discovered that the link between these two parties was weak, and this will lead to confusion and dilution of the vision of the mother company. Secondly, Norton also needed to rectify the financial status of the store before investing in it seriously. Aragula Grocers was acquired amid a series of financial issues and complications that showed signs of mismanagement. Adopting these problems will lead to failure of the store and eventually, losses for Evergreen. Mrs. Norton should also consider making modifications to the management style in Aragula Grocers. The changes should reflect the three proposals that she made concerning all acquisitions under Evergreen. These changes involved investing in improving human resources, maintaining the local setting, and caring about the welfare of the employees and customers. These three proposals would serve to change the atmosphere and approach taken by the Aragula management as they start operations under Evergreen.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF A HOLISTIC NATIONAL MARITIME POLICY FOR SAUDI Essay

THE DEVELOPMENT OF A HOLISTIC NATIONAL MARITIME POLICY FOR SAUDI ARABIA - Essay Example Within this context, the first part of this paper analyzes contemporary international trends in marine policy; exploring this concept of a holistic approach to ocean governance and policy that has been established by international organizations, academia and specialists. The second part analyzes national and regional experiences, prospects and emerging practices with respect to the development of an integrated ocean policy. The third section of the paper examines the current management of maritime affairs in Saudi Arabia and explores how Saudi Arabia can work towards the development of a sustainable, holistic and integrated national maritime policy as part of a conceptually similar overarching marine policy. The paper concludes by showing that Saudi Arabia needs to develop an integrated national maritime policy which incorporates all aspects of the sector and enables a unified set of decision makers to coordinate activities and policies for the greater good of the maritime sector and Saudi Arabia. By so doing, Saudi Arabia can seize the very real opportunity that exists to ensure its long-term success as a nation whose fortunes are very much dependant on the seaways it controls. There is global concern about the impact that industry has on the world's oceans and how to support development of oceans and coasts without destroying the resources available. ... Since then interest in resources has been governed by this "constitution for the Oceans" (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2007). Contemporary trends have recognized that the current situation is one of unsustainable usage of the world's oceans and that a holistic approach to ocean usage would encourage sustainable usage of these resources. This paper addresses this potential. The "Rio Earth Summit" of 1992 addressed issues and challenges related to sustainable development at the global level. Chapter 17 of Agenda 21 called for new and integrated approaches to the sustainable development of oceans and coasts. There has since emerged an international trend towards the adoption of new approaches to marine policy based on a holistic, integrated and sustainable management of ocean resources at regional and national levels. Within this context, the first part of this paper analyzes contemporary international trends in marine policy; exploring this concept of a holistic approach to ocean governance and policy that has been established by international organizations, academia and specialists. The second part analyzes national and regional experiences, prospects and emerging practices with respect to the development of an integrated ocean policy. The third section of the paper examines the current management of maritime affairs in Saudi Arabia and explores how Saudi Arabia can work towards the development of a sustainable, holistic and integrated national maritime policy as part of a conceptually similar overarching marine policy. I. International Framework for Ocean Governance. Contemporary international trends in marine policy are leaning toward global governance of marine resources. The primary agent for governance is the United Nations. Policies

Cultural factors DB Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cultural factors DB - Research Paper Example Apart from $1 trillion reduction in spending, government agencies have managed to identify over 580 proposals that will streamline federal regulations and hence reduce regulatory costs. The President also introduced a Buffett Rule: a principle of tax fairness that requires everybody to pay their fair share by ensuring that no household making over $1 million annually pays a smaller share of in their income in taxes more than that paid by middle class families. The growth of government since 1930’s has seen a steady increase in government spending. In 1930, the government spending was about 3.3% of the country’s GDP. This figure increased steadily to 44% in 1944 before falling back to 11.6% in 1948. Since then, the figure has been on the rise. In 1998, the federal budget reported its first surplus of $69 billion. In 1999, the surplus rose to $125 billion and again to $246 billion. In 2005 fiscal year, the budget shrinks because of a sharp increase in tax revenue. However, in 2007, the budget reduced to $161 billion. The congressional budget office projects that, the federal deficit for 2009 fiscal will spike a drastically to an exceptional $1.2 trillion, or 8.3% of the GDP. This new budget is opted to set to set the US with a record-breaking deficit of about $1.56 trillion in 2010. The US fiscal policy is expansionary in nature in that it focused in increasing the budget to stimulate the economy (Mühleisen & Towe, 2004). The American consumers play a greater role in fiscal policies. Fiscal policies mainly focus in taxation in stimulating the economy. The tax system as proposed by President Obama ensures that the high class consumers are taxed more than the middle class consumers. Therefore, before making any fiscal policy is made, then consumer’s interest has to put into consideration before they will be affected directly or/and indirectly. Over the past five years the influence of consumers on fiscal policies

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Strategic Management - Essay Example The result was the evolution of the company as the largest low cost international carriers. The company has shown rapid and consistent growth from the time it was launched. The project aims to put forth the strategic interest in expanding operations in the Chinese market. In this regard, it analyses the overall strategic environment in which the company operates. This has been elaborately presented with the help of PESTEL analysis and Porter’s Five Forces Model. Based on the analysis, the strategy has been designed for the company. This has been done using the Ansoff Matrix and the Nine Strategic Windows. Finally, the overall evaluation of the strategy has been given as per the company’s objectives. Company Mission and Vision The company does not present or publish a formal mission or vision statement. However, as per, Michael O’Leary’s public statements the company aims to simply continue being â€Å"the largest Low Cost Leader in the European airline in dustry† (Box & Byus, 2005, p.3). ... The state has also been effective in making the transition. In fact, it has economic links with many of the cities in the United Kingdom and has the involvement of the relevant Chambers of Commerce in this regard. The overall political condition is one that promotes entry of industries into the market. The sectoral delegations are administered and organized by the â€Å"Department of Trade and Industry† (Chinese Marketing and Communications, n.d.). The China Council is considered to be the most important â€Å"clearing house for trade and investment opportunities in China† (Chinese Marketing and Communications, n.d.). It provides information comprehensively for the promotion of trade and investment activities. Economic China’s economic condition also looks favorable for the airlines industry. This is because the economy has undergone restructuring which has resulted in efficiency gains and this has added to the GDP growth substantially. The economy has remained i n the path of a rapid growth trajectory since the beginning of 2011. As per the 12th Five year plan, China emphasizes on the growth of its domestic consumption and makes the economy less dependent on exports. The country especially promotes foreign investment in strategic emerging sectors (Central Intelligence Agency, 2011). The company would have to cope with the fuel expanses which have been growing across all corners of the world. The company has already undergone major losses as well as offset of its revenue growth arising from high cost of fuel. The fuel rising expenses of fuel Ryanair since 2005 has been shown in the following figure. Figure 1: Ryanair fuel expenses as a portion of total operating expenses: 1Q05 to 2Q09 (Source: Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation,

Economics of Race and Gender Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Economics of Race and Gender - Term Paper Example The very reason that Equal Pay Day is being recognized by the Bethlehem branch of the American Association of University Women at Moravian College on 20th of April 2010 in the Haupert Union Building on the North Campus points towards the current need to bridge the wage gap between the salaries of men and women. Funds were raised by holding a bake sale selling cookies in 77 cents to women and same cookies in $1 to women because according to the U.S. Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics, women working full time earn 77 cents against each dollar earned by men. According to Susan S. McNamara, a retired college administrator of Bethlehem Township and president of AAUW, the wage gap has decreased the real median income of women by more than half million dollars in comparison to men since 1960. This wage gap is more widened in the case of minority women. In comparison to white men, minority African-American women earn 67 cents while African-American men earn 78 cents on the dollar. Hispanic women earn even lower, 58 cents. The reason for selecting 20th of April as Equal Pay Day was to know how much more time women require in a year to earn equal to what men earned the previous year – about additional four months! A number of facilities have been gained through legislation on making of Family and Medical Leave Act and the Pregnancy Discrimination Act besides favorable policies like flextime and telecommuting, which are equally beneficial for employed women and their employers but in the matter of equal paychecks, women still are far behind men. From an economic point of view, according to Catherine Hill, the senior research associate at the AAUW Educational Foundation, â€Å"There's a gap here that economists agree cant be explained away by women's choices.  

Literature by U.S. Women of Color Research Paper

Literature by U.S. Women of Color - Research Paper Example It is based on these stories that this research will focus on the difficulties women of color experience in different territories and how they respond to such challenges (Wang 12). Particular emphasis is placed on women faculty of color within a classroom environment dominated by white students. The paper majorly focuses on oppression among women faculty of color in institutions of higher learning such as universities and colleges. Information on the research is based on a comprehensive interview with women faculty of color in a large research institution that is dominated by whites (Aguirre 100). The study identifies how male students challenge the authority of female colored professors during classroom interactions. Research studies indicate that an oppressive environment in a classroom has the negative effect of impairing learning and academic performance. This is especially widespread among students who suffer from oppressed identities. Such research studies only reveal whether a n oppressive environment affects learning effectiveness but tends to ignore the faculty perceptions of their classrooms. A lot of literature material points out that women faculty of color spend different time periods teaching. However, the material does not concentrate much on the classroom experiences of the colored women. Sociologists provide adequate knowledge to students on how to examine racial disparities in different areas of society such as health care and religion. They offer real world examples that are used to illustrate the cultural and interpersonal social oppression that exists in the world that we are living. There has been a widespread use of the oppressive classroom environment in demonstrating different forms of racial disparities. Research studies indicate that fostering faculty diversity and effectiveness can be achieved through the support of faculty who are women of color rather than being hostile towards. This means that it is important that we understand and appreciate the perception of the classroom environment in retaining a diverse faculty (Bonilla-Silva 200). This research applies an intersectional oppression framework in exploring faculty perceptions towards colored women teachers. Oppression can be defined to as the obstacles and actions that maintain the privileges of a dominant group. Research studies indicate that there is widespread and cumulative oppression among women faculty of color. This is evidenced by the small number of recruitment or promotion of women of color in institutions of higher education. Racism based on gender is a unique kind of oppression that women of color experience (Morrison 120). This experience is based on their position in at the intersection of race and gender matrix of domination. On the basis of the above mentioned insight, this research study examines the perception of classroom experiences among women of color at the intersection of racial and gendered oppression. In this research study, the w omen of color have adequate knowledge that their experiences in the classroom are influenced by gendered racism, and that white male students have the tendency of undermining their authority because of their color. I will majorly concentrate on how structural inequality is evidenced during interpersonal interactions. This is because teaching is a major part of the lives of faculty women of color and that it is import

Drug testing Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Drug testing - Research Proposal Example There is a need to assure the publics safety when lives are placed in the hands of a pilot or a policeman. There is also a need to protect the privacy and rights of the individual that are a part of the American way of life. How do we reconcile public safety against the backdrop of the principle of presumed innocence? For most occupations drug testing is an excessive intrusion into privacy that violates the constitutional principles of self-incrimination and legal search and seizure. The constitutional guarantees that protect our privacy and require probable cause are illegally suspended when employers require mandatory and random drug testing. According to the US Department of Labor guidelines, "The current law in the private sector generally permits non-union companies to require applicants and/or employees to take drug tests" (Drug Testing). The long lasting remnants of drug residue and the possibility of false positive results erodes the reliability of these tests. Constitutional rights and the liability for poor results should not be a condition of employment in America. Schools have often been at the forefront of drug testing, but students also are protected by the constitution. Random testing should be eliminated in favor of the same laws that require probable cause that a crime has been committed. "Reasonable suspicion/cause testing involves a school requiring a student to provide a urine specimen when there is sufficient evidence to suggest that the student may have used an illicit substance" (What is drug testing). These are the same rules, laws, and constitutional protections that are granted to all Americans. Eliminating random drug testing in schools is simply abiding by our laws and constitution. Critics will argue that random drug testing is the surest and best way to eliminate drug use from the workplace and schools. They contend that the mere possibility of being tested greatly reduces drug use. However, the

China and United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

China and United States - Essay Example In China, roadways are often congested due to limited highway systems inter-linking rural and urban areas. In the United States, most everyone in the country has access to a vehicle as well as the roadways necessary to carry large amounts of traffic efficiently. This creates the opportunity for better costs for businesses in relation to shipment and delivery (logistics) because products can actually be moved from region to region in the United States without delays. In addition, the United States’ close proximity to other industrialized nations gives the United States competitive advantage by being able to have raw products delivered more cheaply than through expensive, overseas transportation networks. opportunities outside of their geographic household. It is a regular occurrence in the United States, today, for workers to commute long distances in order to seek better paying careers, therefore this is another advantage over China in terms of choice where industries can choose top talent from all over the country. In this way that business or organization is getting the best-skilled people and bringing advantages to the business in the process. The end result is a more efficient business which provides more efficient products and services to the local community, leading to a more sustainable national economy. Technology is superior for the United States in just one way: The amount of people who currently have access to the Internet and have the funds to buy consumer goods. In the United States, there are many more people with access to online shopping and other commercial activities, giving economies a better opportunity to increase profit success. This gives companies in the United States the opportunity to appeal to a wider group of customers through Internet technology, email, and other online offers. This strengthens the foundations of Capitalism in the United States and creates a stronger national economy in the process. In China, there is not

Deinstitutionalization Capstone Project Research Paper

Deinstitutionalization Capstone Project - Research Paper Example s that health behaviour is determined by one’s personal beliefs or perceptions regarding a disease or disorder and the available strategies one can access to prevent it. The four perceptions, namely: perceived seriousness, perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits and perceived barriers can be used to explain why a person behaves the way he does when it comes to health. All four perceptions affect an individual’s health and well-being so these must all be kept positive in order to achieve optimal health. Pedersen, P.B. and Kolstad, A., 2009, De-institutionalisation and trans- institutionalisation – changing trends of inpatient care in Norwegian mental health institutions 1950-2007, International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 3:28 This article chronicles trends in Norwegian mental health institutions from the 1950’s to the present that leads to current trends of deinstitutionalization and trans-institutionalization of inpatient care. It concludes wit h the observation that deinstitutionalization may mean fewer beds available in mental health facilities but not necessarily fewer patients treated since they are just transferred to other mental health services. It also identifies the factors behind deinstitutionalization in Norway as the expansion of welfare state; increased professional focus on active treatment and increased focus on patients’ preferences. Thompson, P., Lang, L. & Annells, M., 2008, A systematic review of the effectiveness of in-home community nurse led interventions for the mental health of older persons, Journal of Clinical Nursing Journal Compilation, Blackwell Publishing, Ltd. This article is a systematic review of the literature on in-home community nurse-led interventions for elderly adults with mental health issues. Main findings... Community care centers need to adopt a health promotion program to guide the health workers with a firm philosophy of health and wellness. A commonly used health promotion model is the Health Belief Model (HBM) which proposes that health behaviour is determined by one’s personal beliefs or perceptions regarding a disease or disorder and the available strategies one can access to prevent it.   Another good health promotion program is one by Ewles & Simnett (2005).   It   takes a holistic health care approach, taking into account all dimensions of a person’s development.   A study on how these two health promotion programs can be integrated to come up with the most appropriate program that would best suit elderly adults with mental illness would be interesting.a. Purpose statement for a Quantitative Study:   This study will compare the Health Belief Model (HBM) and the Holistic Health Care approach   as to its principles and features using a likert-scaled ques tionnaire to be distributed to nurse practitioners working in a hospital facility. It purports to determine the best features of each model and integrate it into one effective health promotion program.b. Purpose statement for a Qualitative Study:   The purpose of this study is to develop a sustainable community care health promotion program for the elderly with mental illness.   Input from families of residents in a psychiatric facility will be interviewed as to their preferences for their family members.

Mystery of Free

Mystery of Free Will and Moral Responsibility Essay We all seem to think that we make decisions on our own and have the ability to choose from making different decisions. We do what we want to do because it seems as if we have many options to choose from to be in control of our own destiny. The basic question of the mystery of free will is that, â€Å"Are we able to really make our own decisions or are the decisions we make already predetermined (with it being inevitable of us making that certain decision)? † Our futures seem to be undetermined and have an infinite amount of possibilities of which we are able to choose freely among. Think of your life as a garden of forking paths with each path being a certain decision you make that affects your future. However, many philosophers believe that the thesis of determinism threatens this model of free will. If you may know, determinism is the theory that the universe at any point in time is entirely fixed by the state of the universe at a prior time, in combination with the laws of nature. So the reason why this threatens the ‘garden of forking paths’ model of free will is that how can we have so many options to choose when determinism has already chosen one for us? This leads us to another central issue, which is: â€Å"Can free will and determinism co-exist? † The two ways philosophers go about considering this question is either with a ‘yes, they can co-exist’ or ‘no, they cannot. ’ If you were to believe that, yes, free will and determinism can co-exist, then you would be considered a compatibilist. Answering no, free will and determinism cannot co-exist, you would be considered an incompatibalist. Peter Van Inwagen, a prominent figure in the philosophy world, created the consequence argument. In his argument, Van Inwagen explains that if determinism is true, then our acts are just a consequence of the laws of nature and events in the remote past. And since it’s not up to us what went on before we were born nor what the laws of nature are, the consequences of these things (including our present acts) are not up to us (PowerPoint 1, Slide 23). In short, he explains that if determinism were to be true then no one would ever or has ever made a choice on their own about anything. So if no one has power over the facts of the past and the laws of nature and that no one has the power of the fact that the facts of the past and laws of nature entail that only future is possible, therefore, no one has power over the facts of the future. To further demonstrate his reasoning of the consequence argument, Van Inwagen created the No Choice Principle (NCP). In this example, let ‘p’ = â€Å"Plato died long before I was born. † Let ‘q’ = â€Å"I never met Plato. † Now, if I have no choice about ‘p’ and no choice about the fact that (if ‘p’ is true, then ‘q’ is necessarily true. Therefore, I have no choice about ‘q’ (PowerPoint 1, Slide 26). How can one have a choice about something that is inevitably going to happen if one has no choice about it happening? Van Inwagen’s consequence argument is based on the NCP. Now, if determinism and free will can co-exist (Compatibilism is true) then the No Choice Principle must be false (Remember, you would have no free will and no choice of ‘q’ happening because it was never in your control to choose so). But, the NCP is not false, therefore the Compatibilism theory is not true and with this being said the free will thesis and theory of determinism cannot co-exist. I believe that free will is incompatible with determinism, but free will exists because the thesis of determinism is false. I choose this opinion because, going to back to the ‘garden of forking paths’ model, if I come across a path with three forks in it I have the ability to not take one or two of those paths and have the ability to freely choose which path I would prefer to take. I know that I have the ability to choose because I can take either 3 paths, but I only choose to take the one which I desire most. Determinists may say that I took that path because it was inevitable. Whichever of the 3 paths I took, it would be inevitable that I took it. The reason why I believe in free will and not the coexistence of both free will and determinism, and determinism itself is because there is no way to prove something of happening inevitably in every occasion. Determinists could say that just about anything was inevitable of happening, what’s their proof?

Types Of Peace Support Operations And Characteristics International Law Essay

Types Of Peace Support Operations And Characteristics International Law Essay Introduction The Norwegian Defence doctrine from 2007, Forsvarets Fellesoperative doktrine and the UN Prinsiples and Guidelines from 2008 (Capstone doctrine) devides peace support operations (PSO) into five various types; conflict prevention or preventive diplomacy, peacemaking, peacekeeping, peace-enforcement and peace building. These are the most important tools UN and other international organisations have to reach their coal of international peace and security. Types of peace support operations and characteristics The distinction between these categories is often unclear. Conflict prevention or preventive diplomacy is measures with the aim to avoid intra-state or inter-state disputes and conflicts, prevent tension and conflicts from escalating into violent conflict and to limit the ongoing conflict from spreading. This should be based on an early warning, information gathering and also on analysis of the factors driving the conflict. Conflict prevention ranges from diplomatic initiatives, confidence-building measures to the preventive deployment of troops. Peacemaking includes the range of diplomatic actions aimed at establishing a peaceful settlement once conflict is in progress or has resumed. Good offices may be used to facilitate the resolution of the conflict. Peacemakers may also be envoys, governments, groups of states, regional organizations or the United Nations. Peacemaking efforts may also be under-taken by unofficial and non-governmental groups, or by a prominent personality working independently. Peacekeeping is a technique designed to preserve the peace where fighting has come to an end, and the parties involved have reached an agreement. The UN or other international organisations role will be to assist in implementing agreements achieved by the peacemakers. The primary military model was to observe cease-fires and to separate the forces after inter-state wars. Today peace keeping involves many elements like military, police and civilian organisations working together trying to make the foundations for sustainable peace. Peace building is generally seen as those activities designed to strengthen the durability of a stable peace by identifying and supporting structures that will prevent a peace settlement in to relapsing in to conflict. The peace settlement is agreed by the parties involved. Peacebuilding works by addressing the deep-rooted, structural causes of violent conflict in a comprehensive manner. Peacebuilding measures address core issues that effect the functioning of society and the State, and seek to enhance the capacity of the State to effectively and legitimately carry out its core functions. Peace enforcement is the only category in PSO defined under chapter VII of the UN Charter as using military means to restore peace in an area of conflict. The other categories are under chapter VI in the UN charter. Peace enforcement involves a range of measures, including the use of military force. The aim of these measures is to restore international peace and security in situations where there is a threat to the peace, breach of the peace or act of aggression. These operations may be conducted by regional organizations and agencies under the authorisation of the UN. Factors decisive for the choice of operation It is necessary to look into the peace keeping history to fully understand the factors that are decisive for the choice of operations. The concept of peacekeeping has been an evolving one. Peacekeeping has not been mentioned in the UN Charter. In other words, there is no specific provision for peacekeeping in the United Nations Charter. It is normally described as falling between Chapter VI and VII. Dag Hammarskjà ¶ld referred to peacekeeping operations as Chapter 6 ½ initiatives. Early peacekeeping in the 1950s focused on preventing open violence and monitoring ceasefire and status quo and demilitarization and policing. One of them being United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF 1) deployed to the Suez crisis after the British and French troops invaded Egypt. This was what constituted traditional or classical peacekeeping, and where the three basic principles of peacekeeping where formed, namely, consent, impartiality and self-defence. After the end of the Cold War, new forms of peacekeeping came into operation in response to significant changes and challenges on the ground. The concept of peacekeeping expanded into new terminology in the peace process, and peace support operations were used to describe the new concept. In the 1990`s peacekeeping went beyond traditional peacekeeping and in to what is often called second generation peace keeping. The new conflicts where characterized by the collapse of states, and the conflict became intra-states. The PSO missions in this period where demobilization of troops like armed para-militias and irregulars; promotion of national reconciliation, restoration of effective governments, the organization and monitoring of elections, provisions of a broader support to humanitarian aid missions including protection of safe areas and escort of relief convoys. From the mid 1990`s the peacekeeping missions became multifunctional. These missions where executed after violent intrastate conflicts and consisted of both military and civilian assets in support of implementing the peace agreement. From late 1990 the missions are said to be multi dimensional, which means that they cover tasks and responsibilities beyond those associated with traditional peacekeeping such as protection of civilian. The UN has increasingly focused on the need to involve regional organizations. As stated above, peace keeping operations is not mentioned in the UN charter. This, together with the veracity of missions and mandates from traditional peace keeping in the 1950`s to todays complex multi dimensional operations makes peacekeeping ad-hoc, and it must be seen as a flexible technique where the purpose and mode of operating is depending on the conflict and the nature of the conflict. Today UN missions are in reality a mixture of many of the various types of peace support operations. But some principles distinguish them from each other. First of all, peace enforcement (PE) is the only type of PSO categorized under chapter VII in the UN charter and this give the mandate to using military means to restore peace in an area of conflict. This can be given in a conflict where it is necessary to create peace. An example is Desert Storm where the UN gave the mandate to a US led coalition. Conflict prevention, peacemaking, peacekeeping and peace building is under chapter VI. Conflict prevention is used to prevent conflicts to escalating and factors decisive for this operation is that the parties involved are interesting in trying to archive a peaceful settlement. Peacekeeping is the technique used if there is a peace to preserve and the involving parties give their consent to having a observation force to monitor the cease-fire. Peacemaking can be used where the state has colapsed and there are several fractions trying to achive power. This peace makers tasks would then be to identify the players and try to make a peaceful solution. This could be achived by diplomatic solutions only or togheter with military assets to assist in law and order and to put pressure to the involving parties. If peacemaking has succeeded peace building could be used as a tool to rebuild or build the state. Conclusion This essay had the aim to describe the various types of peace support operations and try to give a brief information of the factors decisive for the choice of mode of operation. The conclusion is that todays UN missions are in reality a mixture of many various types of peace support operations and which tool to use or mode of operation is depending on the nature of the conflict that the international organisations are trying to support.

Why are US Veterans becoming Homeless?

Why are US Veterans becoming Homeless? Aubrieann Hale In this paper, I will focus on the topic of why veterans are coming back homeless. Veterans are seen as a savior of the country they are risking their lives for every day, so why is it that they are coming back from tours and service and ultimately ending up homeless? Since 2009 the United States stated that in five years they would end veteran homeless, but the United States is still facing veteran homelessness in the year 2017. Though the homeless rates of veterans have gone down since then, why are veterans still facing homelessness if so many resources are supposed to be available for them. Is there more than meets the eye when it comes to homelessness, especially with veterans, yes. Many things can attribute to this continuing issue such as lack of assistances provided, mental illnesses, PTSD, lack or loss of support from being deployed, the use of drugs and alcohol as coping strategies, and the economics. Homelessness is something that many individuals in every country face on a daily basis. The definition of homelessness can vary from what one individual to the next individuals definition of homelessness. The United States Department of Health and Human Services definition of homelessness is: An individual without permanent housing who may live on the streets, stay in a shelter, mission, single room occupancy facilities, abandoned building or vehicle, or in any other unstable or non-permanent situation. An individual may be considered as homeless if that person is doubled up, a term that refers to a situation where individuals are unable to maintain their housing situation and are forced to stay with a series of friends and/or extended family members. In addition, previously homeless individuals who are to be released from a prison or a hospital may be considered homeless if they do not have a stable housing situation to which they can return (U. S. D. of H. and H, n.d.). The Veterans Assistance program (VA) was originally founded in 1811 by the federal government for veteran domiciliary and medical facilities, but at the time was named the Veterans Bureau. The federal government recognized the instability of an individuals living arrangements as a critical aspect of the definition of homelessness. Later on, in the 19th century, the Veterans Administration was expanded to include benefits and or pensions not only for veterans but for their widows and dependents if something were to have happened. After the Civil War, many states began to establish veterans homes. Since domiciliary care was available at all state veterans homes, coinciding with that medical and hospital treatment were also provided for all injuries and diseases, without discrimination of service area. Veterans of the Indian Wars, Civil War, Spanish-American War, and Mexican Border, as well as regularly discharged members of the United States Armed Forces, were able to receive care at t hese veteran homes (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, n.d). As the United States entered World War I, congress established a new system of veterans benefits, including programs for disability compensation, insurance for service personnel and veterans, and vocational rehabilitation for the disabled (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, n.d). In 1928, admission to the national veteran homes was extended to all women who served, National Guard and militia Veterans (all able-bodied civilians eligible by law for military service) (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, n.d). In 1930, President Herbert Hoover signed an executive order that elevated the Veterans Bureau to a federal administration creating the what is now known as the Veterans Administration. From 1944 through 1993, Veterans Administration guaranteed 13.9 million home loans valued at more than 433.1 billion dollars (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, n.d). To assist a Veteran between discharge and reemployment, the GI Bi ll also provided unemployment benefits of 20 dollars a week, for up to a maximum of 52 weeks (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, n.d). This assistance was put in place to avoid a repetition of World War I when unemployed Veterans were reduced to relying on charities for food and shelter. The Veterans Administration was then later renamed the Department of Veterans Affairs and continued to this day be known as the VA. It was not until the early 1980s, when the United States entered a recession in 1980 with the unemployment rate remaining unchanged through the start of a second recession in 1981, that veteran homelessness began to be recognized as an important public health problem. The Veterans Administration has gone through many changes over the past 200 years since it was founded. But it still remains to be focused on offering veterans the resources in which it was founded, for domiciliary and medical needs of veterans who have served. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the different ways a veteran can manifest postwar adjustment difficulties. PTSD is a mental health problem that some individuals can develop after experiencing or witnessing a life-threatening event, such as combat, a natural disaster, a car accident, or sexual assault. It is normal for an individual to have upsetting memories, feel on edge, or have trouble sleeping after a traumatic event. It may be hard to do normal activities, such as going to work, school, or spending time with people you care about. For some individuals, PTSD symptoms may not start right away, they may come and go over time. With PTSD, veterans may find it hard to keep their support groups such as family, friends and possible significant others close due to the symptoms of PTSD. Individuals can have a difficult time trying to get back into a routine that has now changed, whether they themselves are suffering from PTSD or individuals closest to those who are sufferi ng. Personally, coming from a family where my father is a veteran and my brother-in-law has been deployed 3 times in the past 4 years I have been able to see the costs that military families have to pay that can render them in hard financial situations in the future. For instance, military uniforms have multiple parts that are required, and if an individual is not wearing them they are out of conduct. Here is a cost breakdown of one of the 4 uniforms, military personnel are required to have. For combat and training, uniforms the required coat starts at 47.51 dollars, 48.00 dollars for the trousers, 8.10 dollars for the patrol cap, 4.77 dollars for the undershirt, 4.07 dollars for the rigger belt, 350-100 dollars for boots, up to 25 dollars per insignia, and 200 dollars for the required backpack (Army Air Force Exchange Services, n.d.). For just a combat uniform it can cost up to 700 dollars. For their formal uniforms, it can cost up to 500 dollars, and for physical training, uniforms it can cost up to 200 dollars. While they are given a uniform allowance, the military is constantly changing their uniforms and not compensating for that change, making it stressful for some to try and find ways to pay for what they need. There is also the factor of paying for housing, while there are barracks that military personnel can live in, some chose to live in apartments off base, due to having more freedom or having a family. So, they can be paying the housing costs outside of the military, but when it comes to deployment if they are single and not living with someone else it can become an issue of trying to keep payments going to the landlord regularly and if something goes wrong there is a possibility of them losing their place to stay ultimately coming back homeless. When it comes to having a family, they usually try to stay in one area and not have to move so often due to inconveniences. But when the military personnel get stationed in a new state, it becomes a matter of is the whole family going to move only to have the military personnel deployed in a couple of months leaving the family in an unknown area with no support like they had before. Now if the family made the choice to stay, then they are paying for housing in two states, which put the family in a financial burden, but they are able to keep their support systems. A median annual income of Veterans was approximately $50,000 (Elbogen, et al., 2012). In their studies, they indicated that treatment costs for veterans were a barrier to obtaining psychiatric and proper care. The US Military released a pay grade chart for 2017 because they offer many different variations for each area I will only focus on serving for 4 years. These numbers are based on monthly pay rounded up to the nearest us dollar. As an E-1 for 4 years they would make 1592 dollars, E-2 1785 dollars, E-3 2115 dollars, E-4 2420 dollars, E-5 2656 dollars, E-6 2960 dollars, and E-7 3401 dollars (Military pay chart, 2016). These are numbers only for enlistees and not officers, seeing that enlistees are the most common within the military. Substance abuse can be a leading factor in homelessness or continuing to be homeless. From a study conducted by Robert M. Bray, Mary Ellen Marsden, and Michael R. Peterson, they found that overall military personnel are more likely to drink and drink heavily than civilians are. Military personnel are twice as likely as civilians to be heavy drinkers, about one-third of military men who are younger drink heavily (Bray, et al., 1991). Veterans that are most at risk of coming back from war homeless usually have multiple factors that lead to the problem. Most of the individuals are either single, divorced, widowed, lack of family support or support systems, rendering them unable for proper reentry into civilian life. When those in the military are deployed, they are housed at the bases in that area, if they have their own family back in the states they can find it difficult to communicate with them. The military does not offer free Wi-Fi or calling, so if they were wanting to communicate with those back home, they will have to pay a monthly fee to do so. If an individual cannot afford that fee, there is the possibility of them losing their connections and support. Veterans who were officers and those who had graduated from college are more likely to have an easier readjusting process for their post-military life than enlisted personnel and those who are high school graduates. Along with veterans who mentioned they had an emotionally traumatic experience while serving or suffered a serious injury had more problems with re-entry when other factors are held constant. Though I would like to provide a definite answer to why are United States veterans coming back homeless, there is still much research to do. There are many factors that can lead to an individual becoming homeless and that is the same for veterans. While there are many studies on veteran homelessness, my goal was to figure out why they are homeless, and while again there are many articles and studies they do not clearly focus on specifically why. I would say that I have not been able to fully answer my question of why United States veterans are coming back homeless, but I hope that in the future, I will be able to conduct my own studies on this topic and find a more concise answer. Until then I can only say that there are many factors that lead to this unfortunate event such as lack of assistances provided, mental illnesses, PTSD, lack or loss of support from being deployed, the use of drugs and alcohol as coping strategies, and the economics. References Services, U. S. D. of H. and H. (n.d.). HHS.gov Retrieved March 8, 2017, from https://www.hhs.gov/ Elbogen, E. B., Johnson, C. S. C., Wagner, H. R., Newton, V. M., Beckham, J. C. (2012). Financial Well-Being and Post-Deployment Adjustment among Iraq and Afghanistan War Veterans. Military Medicine, 177(6), 669-675. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3390745/ Shop Army Air Force Exchange Service. (n.d.). Retrieved March 13, 2017, from https://www.shopmyexchange.com/browse/military/army-uniforms/_/N-104825 Brett Litz, S. M. O. (n.d.). The Returning Veteran of the Iraq War: Background Issues and Assessment Guidelines. https://secure.ce-credit.com/articles/101192/3_4-101192.pdf 2017 Military Pay Chart. (2016). Retrieved March 13, 2017, from https://www.usmilitary.com/2017-military-pay-chart/ U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (n.d.). Retrieved March 13, 2017, from https://www.va.gov/ Alvin S. Mares, R. A. R. (2006). Attitudes Towards Employment and Employment Outcomes Among Homeless Veterans with Substance Abuse and or Psychiatric Problems. Taylor Francis Group, LLC. Stephen Metraux, L. X. C., John D. Daigh, D. P. C., Vincent Kane. (n.d.). Risk Factors for Becoming Homeless Among a Cohort of Veterans Who Served in the Era of the Iraq and Afghanistan Conà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡icts. Matthew Chinman, G. H., Sharon McCarthy. (2012). Lessons Learned from a Quality Improvement Intervention with Homeless Veteran Services. Johns Hopkins University Press, 23(3), 210-224. Tsai, J., Rosenheck, R. A. (2015). Risk Factors for Homelessness Among US Veterans. Epidemiologic Reviews, 37, 177-195. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxu004 Bray, R. M., Marsden, M. E., Peterson, M. R. (1991). Standardized comparisons of the use of alcohol, drugs, and cigarettes among military personnel and civilians. American Journal of Public Health, 81(7), 865-869. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1405176/

Phipps Plaza Mall Analysis :: essays research papers

Mall Analysis: Phipps Plaza How exciting malls are in terms of architectural and interior design! Just by going around the heart of any major city and seeing new steel and glass structures stretching towards the sky, many people may feel that shopping malls are a perfect destination for a combination of shopping and entertainment. As the largest city in the Southeast, Atlanta along with its vast history and historical museums, also offers the region’s largest selection of shopping opportunities. Among these shopping opportunities is the Simon Property Group. Simon Property Group is the US's number 1 shopping mall owner and one of the nation's largest publicly trade real estate companies (www.hoovers.com). It owns some of the area's better known malls, including Lenox Square, Phipps Plaza and The Mall of Georgia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Perhaps these could be the reasons that Phipps Plaza was chosen to be one of the most luxurious designed mall in Atlanta area. It boasts a diverse array of men’s and women's apparel shops, specialty retailers and dining opportunities, in addition to a 14-theater movie complex. Phipps Plaza affords shoppers opportunities to buy everything from fine jewelry at Tiffany & Co. to high-tech home electronics at Bang & Olufsen Of Atlanta; from crystal pigs at its sophisticated Ross-Simons to state-of-the-art athletic footwear at Niketown. Sports fans and even the most casual athletes who have yet to visit a Niketown store might want to take advantage of this store's many accessories. Part museum, part retail outlet for all things Nike, each Niketown is a monument to marketing like no other, specially located at Phipps Plaza. Target Market: Walking through the mall I noticed that the target market was mainly high-end customers and people who where not worried about spending a little more for a great product. There were a lot of galleries and the atmosphere was very sophisticated with marbled floors and stained wood accents that gave the overall appearance of catering to professionals as well as young adults. There were a few stores for men, but the majority of the stores were focused more towards women, with also some children stores. Tenant Mix: There was a great mix of stores, from men and women’s apparel like Chico’s, Parisian, The Gap, Bebe and Gucci to decorative accessories like Frontgate and Jewelry stores like Tiffany & Co. The overall Tenant mix consisted of over 100 upscale stores that catered to those who were looking for unique items not carried by other chain stores. Phipps Plaza Mall Analysis :: essays research papers Mall Analysis: Phipps Plaza How exciting malls are in terms of architectural and interior design! Just by going around the heart of any major city and seeing new steel and glass structures stretching towards the sky, many people may feel that shopping malls are a perfect destination for a combination of shopping and entertainment. As the largest city in the Southeast, Atlanta along with its vast history and historical museums, also offers the region’s largest selection of shopping opportunities. Among these shopping opportunities is the Simon Property Group. Simon Property Group is the US's number 1 shopping mall owner and one of the nation's largest publicly trade real estate companies (www.hoovers.com). It owns some of the area's better known malls, including Lenox Square, Phipps Plaza and The Mall of Georgia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Perhaps these could be the reasons that Phipps Plaza was chosen to be one of the most luxurious designed mall in Atlanta area. It boasts a diverse array of men’s and women's apparel shops, specialty retailers and dining opportunities, in addition to a 14-theater movie complex. Phipps Plaza affords shoppers opportunities to buy everything from fine jewelry at Tiffany & Co. to high-tech home electronics at Bang & Olufsen Of Atlanta; from crystal pigs at its sophisticated Ross-Simons to state-of-the-art athletic footwear at Niketown. Sports fans and even the most casual athletes who have yet to visit a Niketown store might want to take advantage of this store's many accessories. Part museum, part retail outlet for all things Nike, each Niketown is a monument to marketing like no other, specially located at Phipps Plaza. Target Market: Walking through the mall I noticed that the target market was mainly high-end customers and people who where not worried about spending a little more for a great product. There were a lot of galleries and the atmosphere was very sophisticated with marbled floors and stained wood accents that gave the overall appearance of catering to professionals as well as young adults. There were a few stores for men, but the majority of the stores were focused more towards women, with also some children stores. Tenant Mix: There was a great mix of stores, from men and women’s apparel like Chico’s, Parisian, The Gap, Bebe and Gucci to decorative accessories like Frontgate and Jewelry stores like Tiffany & Co. The overall Tenant mix consisted of over 100 upscale stores that catered to those who were looking for unique items not carried by other chain stores.

Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird :: Harper Lee Kill Mockingbird Essays

Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird is a highly regarded work of American fiction. The story of the novel teaches us many lessons that should last any reader for a lifetime. The messages that Harper Lee relays to the reader are exemplified throughout the book using various methods. One of the most important and significant methods was the use of symbols such as the mockingbird image. Another important method was showing the view through a growing child's (Scout Finch) mind, eyes, ears, and mouth. There is another very significant method that was used. In the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee utilizes the effects of irony, sarcasm, and hypocrisy to criticize a variety of elements in Southern life. Harper Lee employs the effects of irony in To Kill a Mockingbird as a way to criticize the deficiency of public education. "Now tell your father not to teach you any more. It's best to begin reading with a fresh mind." (pG. 22) Instead of praising Scout's ability to read at an advanced level, Miss Caroline discourages it. This ironic example set by Miss Caroline seems to demonstrate the inadequate training that she had received for her occupation. Miss Caroline seems to have been instructed upon a strict standard on how her students are expected to behave, but when she encounters something different, such as Scout's advanced ability to read, she advises Scout to stop being advanced, whereas a modern-day schoolteacher would capitalize on Scout's ability to read and encourage her to read more. "You won't learn to write until you're in the third grade." (pg. 23) The strict, recipe-style, rubric method of teaching that Miss Caroline uses is once again emphasized here. Miss Caroline once again discourages Scout's advanced abilities and regards Scout's ability with contempt. "The Dewey Decimal System consisted, in part, of Miss Caroline waving cards at us which were printed 'the,' 'cat,' 'rat,' 'man,' and 'you.'" (pg. 23) The Dewey Teaching Method was supposed to place an emphasis on "active" learning, yet the irony in Miss Caroline's "use" of it was that her teaching method wasn't "active" at all. It was, in fact, extremely passive. The students in the class didn't do anything. They became extremely bored and learned very little. As I have established, the use of irony clearly reveals the deficiency of the public education system in the 1930's. Teachers did not seem to be trained enough to handle the vast abilities of their students.

Extended Essay

Assessment of the causes of the Kengir uprising in the Steplag complex in the year of 1954 By Saidkhon Turaev An Extended Essay Submitted as a Candidate for the International Baccaureate Diploma Subject: History Supervisor: Mr. Alex Ross Tashkent International School IBO World School 3076 Session: May 2011 October 5, 2010 Word Count: 3,831 Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ii INTRODUCTION 1 FIRST REASON: DEATH OF STALIN 3 SECOND REASON: REGIME OF THE CAMP 5 THIRD REASON: UKRAINIAN LEADERSHIP 7 FOURTH REASON: INTRO OF THE LARGE GROUP OF CRIMINALS 9 CONCLUSION 10 APPENDIX 1 WORK CITED 12 [i] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 Tashkent International School: IBO World School 3076 Tashkent Uzbekistan Author: Title: Supervisor: Session: Turaev, Saidkhon (003076-017) Assessment of the causes of the Kengir uprising in the Steplag complex in the year of 1954 Mr. Alex Ross May 2011 Abstract While studying the Soviet history, very few people learn about the uprisin gs that had happened in Gulags after Stalin? s death. One of the key gulag uprisings which happened in 1954 was the Kengir uprising which took place in Steplag camp located in Jezkazgan region in Kazakhstan.Unlike any other gulag uprisings the Kengir uprising marked the end of the Soviet gulags. However in the modern day world, very little is known about this uprising and about the factors which have caused it. General agreement seems to be around the several ideas like: the death of Stalin, the regime of the camp, the Ukrainian leadership and the introduction of the group of criminals into the camps. So therefore it is important for a historian to assess all these factors and determine which of them caused the Kengir uprising.It was very hard to find any sufficient primary sources to this event, due to the fact that the most Gulag archives are still classified. So therefore the research was focused on circumstantial evidence. The investigation includes works of Alexander Solzhenits yn â€Å"The Gulag Archipelago† and many secondary sources, written by the western historians. Although Solzhenitsyn wasn? t there when the uprising happened, he remains one of famous sources who dedicated entire chapter for this uprising. The investigation found that three factors: the death of Stalin, the Ukrainian leadership and the regime of the camp were the main causes for the uprising.Those three factors were interlinked within each other and only together they were responsible for causing the Kengir uprising. [Word Count 256] [ii] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 Introduction The Kengir Uprising of 1954 was one of the important events in Soviet history. It was the rebellion organized by the large group of prisoners in the Steplag camp in the city of the Jezkazgan in 16th of May till 26th of June. The uprising continued for forty days until it was brutally crushed by the Soviet tanks. Very little is known today about this uprising and about the reasons which could? e caused it. There are different historical positions on what could? ve been the reason for the uprising. The Steplag camp was one of the labor complexes of the Karaganda gulag or s imply Karlag. Karlag was founded in 1931 in the city of Karaganda, Kazakhstan, and it served the USSR for about thirty years as a labor complex. The NKVD and the MVD use to send people of different nationalities to this gulag. Many Nazi camp prisoners, who were â€Å"liberated† by the Soviet Union after World War II, were also sent to the Karlag.Among those prisoners there were some fearsome nationalistic groups like the Ukrainians, who hated and didn? t trust in the Soviet system like other USSR satellite states. It was estimated that there were about 800,000 inmates in Karaganda gulag, 20,000 of which were located in the Steplag camp during the Kengir uprising. 1 It was truly remarkable how small group of prisoners was ready to stand against the whole country without the fear of being killed. Ne vertheless their attempts to achieve any fairness were easily suppressed by the government after 40 days, which once again emphasizes that the Soviet government couldn? deal with those kinds of situations without using the force. But the key thing in the uprising was that it lasted for such a long time, whereas in Stalin? s era, there wouldn? t be any hesitations in killing every single rebel in the camp. It was clear that the new authority didn? t want to go the path which led to the terror, which in turn can be argued, was their main weakness. One might agree that the Soviet Union couldn? t exist without gulags. Therefore, by having doubts in their actions the Soviet authority took the first step towards its own annihilation.Thus one can consider that the Kengir uprising symbolizes the thaw from Stalinization to something different. It is very hard for people who research about this uprising to find adequate primary source, due to the fact that Soviet Union was a secretive totalit arian state which was very careful at hiding information from public 1 Astana Calling p. 3 [1] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 eyes. So the only choice is to rely on circumstantial evidence, provided by authors like Alexander Solzhenitsyn â€Å"The Gulag Archipelago,† and then make implications on what has happened.Solzhenitsyn to this day remains one of the famous sources, who dedicated entire chapter, â€Å"Forty Days of Kengir,† to the uprising in Steplag. Besides â€Å"The Gulag Archipelago† there are also a lot of secondary sources such as Anne Applebaum? s book â€Å"Gulag, a history† or Steven Barnes review of the uprising â€Å"In a Manner Befitting Soviet Citizens. † All of these explain western historian point of view on the events which happened before and after the Kengir uprising. This essay is concerned with determining what were the most important factors in causing the Kengir uprising.The possible factors that may have contribut ed to the uprising were the following: the death of Stalin, Ukrainian nationalist leadership, the regime of the camp, and the introduction of criminal prisoners. Some say that the real problems were caused by Ukrainians, because most of them belonged to the nationalist groups who opposed the Soviet political regime and wanted the separation of Ukraine from the USSR. Most of the Ukrainian nationalists were sent to the Gulags as the political enemies of the USSR. In contrast other historians claim that the criminals were the main reason for the uprising in Kengir.Criminals were the group of inmates who were always in conflict with the polit ical prisoners in Steplag. During the outbreaks of the Kengir uprising criminals were sent into the camps to calm down the politicals, but instead both groups joined efforts to fight the authorities. However others claim that the death of Stalin overweights all of the arguments above. Stalin? s death was remarkable moment in history, because it imp licated that the terror was over and that the political prisoners would finally be free. It of course raised expectations in the hearts of many gulag prisoners.Perhaps those aroused expectations were the main reason behind the uprising in Steplag. On the other hand some blame must lie with the regime of the camp, which also played a key role in creating the uprising in Steplag. During Stalin? s reign the regime was very strict. Guards were ordered to kill anyone who attempts to run or tried to organize a revolt. So it is important for one to access the reasons behind the uprising in order to see why certain things could? ve caused everything to change. [2] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 First Reason: Death of StalinOn 5th of March 1953 Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin died of the brain stroke. To many gulag prisoners, particularly to political prisoners, his death meant that the tyranny and terror was finally over. The author of the book â€Å"Letters of the Camp Doctor† and the former gulag prisoner Vadim Aleksandrovich has commented about the situation: â€Å"Majority of the prisoners understood of what the man was made of. They understood that he was tyrant, that he controlled a great country and that the fate of each prisoner was somehow related to the fate of Stalin. 2 It seems that this source is based on opinion, so therefore might contain bias. However it can be useful to a historian in terms providing some idea on what was the general feeling among the prisoners towards Stalin. Despite the fact that many prisoners awaited his death, most of them remained cautious about the situation, mainly because they? re afraid of earning a second sentence. However in Steplag, prisoners weren? t afraid of showing their happiness – they were making wild cries of celebration3as Applebaum comments, which imply that they waited for some changes to come.One of the Steplag prisoners Yuri Grunin even stated â€Å"the blessing times would soon come,† 4which once again gives a historian an idea of how the prisoners felt during that time. One can argue that the death of Stalin didn? t accomplish the hopes of the prisoners towards the reforms that they expected from the authorities. This is clearly reflected on the releases, which were issued by his right hand man and the chief of KGB Lavrenty Beria. Beria was known to be a man who created most hated policies in gulag systems5. But nevertheless by 28th of March 1953 1. million prisoners were released, 400,000 cases were closed and new Gulag projects were abandoned. 6 One can see the situation as promising for many gulag prisoners, but it only looks good on the surface. These prisoners, who were released, only included group of petty criminals and some women with children and none of the politicals. As a result of that many political prisoners were becoming increasingly angry with the situation. 2 Aleksandrovich â€Å"Letters of the Camp doctor† p. 28 Applebaum â€Å"Gulag a History† p. 477 4 Yuri Grunin as cited in Dmitri Bikov’s article â€Å"Prisoners wanted love† 5Solzhenitsyn â€Å"The Gulag Archipelago† vol. 2 p 204 6 Krutsyk â€Å"The Chronicles of Communist Inquisition† 3 [3] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 In Steplag as Applebaum comments, certain groups of prisoners formed underground organizations by the time the amnesty was proclaimed, which imply that they were planning something. 7However there is a problem with a source provided by Applebaum, which is that she wasn? t there at the time when all of that happened and therefore some of her arguments might be unreliable, due to limited supporting primary sources.Nevertheless there is still an argument that – if the hopes of the prisoners weren? t accomplished then why did the uprising happen only in 1954, a year later after Stalin? s death? Well there could be a lot of answers to this question. Perhaps the circumstances were different, or maybe t hese underground organizations just needed time to put their plan into action. From the points addressed above one can say that for the uprising to happen it needed something more, than just an event like death of Stalin. In other words not every gulag in Soviet Union had an uprising after Stalin? death. So this might imply that something was different in the Steplag. For instance as Applebaum commented there were some underground organizations in Steplag before the uprising, which imply that there were highly organized group of individuals who perhaps planned out everything before acting. But then again the uprising couldn? t be just a spontaneous upheaval without any cause, it needed a spark. Perhaps the circumstances in Steplag were somehow different in 1954 than they were in 1953 and that could? ve served as a spark for the uprising.In order to investigate any further one might look at the other factors like the regime of the camp, Ukrainian leadership and intro of the group of criminals to see whether they have something in common with the arguments presented above. 7 Applebaum p. 495 [4] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 Second Reason: Regime of the camp The camp regime in the gulags from 1930 – 1953 was really determined by the three factors: the sentence which prisoners received, the relationship of camp authorities to the prisoners and the attitude of guards towards the inmates.Political prisoners were treated most brutally compared to other prisoners. Especially after 1948 when a group of special camps were introduced that had a very strict regime based on katorga (hard labor), which was created during the war. In his famous book â€Å"Gulag Archipelago† Solzhenitsyn describes the work conditions of (inmates under katorga regime): â€Å"During the work they were surrounded by soldiers with dogs, they were hit, and were beaten by guns†¦It was easy to spot exhausted and to differentiate them from other prisoners. They’re lost and barely walked. 8 This source which Solzhenitsyn provides to the historians might be reliable do to the fact that Solzhenitsyn himself was a , and one can argue that Solzhenitsyn knew what it was like to be that type of prisoner and therefore there is a less chance of bias in this quote. Furthermore from this evidence we can say that the political prisoners had a reason to be angry at the regime and if they had a reason they? re most likely to protest against it. In Steplag there were huge numbers of political prisoners, especially c ounterrevolutionaries, 9which implied that the camp had a very strict regime.In addition authorities never really cared about health conditions of the prisoners. There were moments when inmates had to eat the spoiled food, because the camp executives didn? t really monitor the condition of the food. 10This type of attitude might? ve led to the buildup of the misery among prisoners. But if everything was that bad, why didn? t the prisoners rebel earlier, why they waited until 1954? Was it death of Stalin which gave the prisoners the idea of the terror being over and that the freedom should be given to each of them?Highly unlikely, because even when Stalin died the prisoners were in risk of being shot if they somehow threatened the Soviet system and it should? ve taken prisoners a real courage to cause this massive uprising. So it must? ve been something different, but before exploring argument further one must look at the relationship between prisoners and camp authorities before 1953. 8 Solzhenitsyn â€Å"The Gulag Archipelago† vol. 3 p. 8 â€Å"The Document of the Kengir Uprising of 1954† see the table 2 at the appendix 10 â€Å"Gulag Many Days Many Lives† Report to Temporary Chief of Karlag Administration Nikiforov 9 5] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 Prisoners of Steplag really thought that they? re being unfairly treated by the camp authorities. The extract from Soviet magazine Putevka, based o n MVD reports, explores some of the unhappy comments of a prisoner towards the fact that camp executives really didn? t care about the prisoners? complaints: â€Å"Write, for what?! We were writing – and never got a reply. Boxes were set, so we didn’t annoy them†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 11 This source analyses the response of the prisoners towards the camp authorities in 1936.Although it can give a historian an idea of what was the general feeling among prisoners towards the camp authorities, it is a bit strange that this kind of information was published, especially in the Soviet Union where the authorities were really careful at hiding information. So therefore it must have some purpose, most likely the propaganda purpose, so therefore it might contain some sort of bias. By using this source one can think to himself that the carelessness of the camp authority was one of the reasons for the tension to build up.And he will be right to think so, because what was bad about the camp authorities was that they didn? t really consider the fact that prisoners were getting angrier over time and that soon they would eventually rise up. Now one might look at the situation in the Steplag after the death of Stalin and fall of Beria. Solzhenitsyn explains that after fall of Beria the guards weren? t receiving salary bonuses for their service as before. 12They had to really prove that their work is worthy of the bonuses, so as a result many of the guards started shooting innocent prisoners and then claimed that inmates tried to run away.One of the infamous killings was the shooting of the Christian in spring of 1954, which resulted massive unrest among the prisoners. The name of the Christian, according to Solzhenitsyn, was Alexander Sisoviev and after his murder many prisoners felt sorry for him because he was serving in Steplag for almost ten years and hardly broke any law to get killed. 13 Later during the uprising one of the prisoners? demands to the authority would be to â€Å"punish the guards who killed the Christian†14 which again emphasizes how strongly were the inmates affected by this murder. 11 Gulag Many Days Many Live† Except from Putevka Solzhenitsyn vol. 3 p. 262 13 Ibid p. 263 14 â€Å"The Document of the Kengir Uprising of 1954† telegram # 044 to the MVD chief Kruglov 12 [6] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 This situation with a Christian might? ve underlined that the prisoners were no longer safe in the camps and that they had to act. But then again these whole innocent killings might? ve been just a spark for all of the misery in the past. For an uprising to be successful it needed a strong leadership. In the Kengir uprising such leadership was taken by the Ukrainians.Third Reason: Ukrainian Leadership The Ukrainians started to arrive to the Steplag after World War II. Unlike the other prisoners these people were really organized and the most important thing was that they didn? t trust the Soviet Union. Ev en the camp authorities have exclaimed this point, by saying that the â€Å"bourgeois ideology† 15has made Ukrainians hostile to the Soviet system. In Steplag particularly there were large numbers of them and they were all mixed with other political prisoners, which was an obvious mistake of the camp authorities, because Ukrainians could expose their viewpoints and ideas to ther prisoners. Because of this everything began to change in the Steplag. Before the arrival of the Ukrainians the camps were filled with prisoners who sni tched on each other. Because of those snitches some of the prisoners were either killed or taken to the prison of the strict regime. Basically snitches were the eyes and ears of the camp administration. When Ukrainians arrived they chose a radical policy in dealing with snitches, by executing them. It was like a new law among prisoners â€Å"Die tonight if you don? t have a pure soul† 16Solzhenitsyn explains.The most remarkable thing about those executions is that the camp authority couldn? t stop them, because they lost all of their informants. Each prisoner knew that if they ever going to snitch again, they? re going to be slashed. But on the other hand Ukrainians didn? t take serious actions against the camp authorities, until 1954. Was it a death of Stalin then, which triggered the uprising? Well it certainly might? ve had the contribution to it, but without the Ukrainians the uprising would? ve never occurred. This change which was occurring in the Gulag camps in some weird way caused the prisoners mindset to change.The killings of the snitches were one of the first examples of freedom movement, as expressed by Solzhenitsyn. However there is another argument that the 15 16 Barnes â€Å"In a Manner Befitting Soviet citizens† p. 824 Solzhenitsyn vol. 3 p. 213 [7] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 Ukrainians were really opportunists. Whenever the situation fitted them they acted and one can aga in refer back to the killings of the snitches, when Ukrainians basically started killing the informers because they represented a threat to them.Perhaps the death of Stalin was also an opportunity for the Ukrainians in which they thought that this was the time. After the death of Stalin many political prisoners were hoping that they would be released and really it was reflected on the banners which were made during the uprising: â€Å"Long live the Soviet Constitution,† 17or the most famous exclamation made by the Russian Red Army officer and so called the leader of the uprising Kapiton Kuznetsov â€Å"Our salvation lies on loyalty, we must talk to Moscow representatives in a manner befitting Soviet citizens. 18 Ukrainians on the other side never bought into this idea, because during the uprising many of them were in charge of commissions which were responsible for the arming and defending the camp, which in turn implies that they were getting ready for the open conflict. And again after the uprising was crushed by Soviets the Ukrainians were the ones who suffered the most as Barnes explains, even though officially the rebellion was led by the Russian Red Army veterans. 9One of the Ukrainian prisoners who left the camp during the uprising spoke to his fellow Ukrainian prisoners: â€Å"Dear countrymen, they see us westerners as the main authors of the strike? s continuation. † 20So according to the prisoner the Ukrainians were treated badly by the Russians because there was a presence of dominance of one nation over the other, however the other reason could be that the Russians realized that the Ukrainians represented a threat to the political regime of the Soviet Union and in order to calm them down they put pressure on them. 17 Barnes p. 24 Ibid p. 823 19 Ibid p. 837 20 Ibid p. 827 18 [8] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 Fourth Reason: Intro of a Large Group of Criminals Criminals were most fearsome group of people in the gulag system, because they were aggr essive, many of them have killed and harassed other people before they? re caught and mostly because they? re unpredictable. Lev Razgon the gulag prisoner describes criminal prisoners: â€Å"They were, in a word, racketeers, gangsters, and members of small mafia†¦ they brazenly cleaned out the new transports, taking all of the best clothes from newcomers. 21There were a lot of tensions between political prisoners and criminals in Steplag. Political prisoners detested criminals for their unlawful actions and in any case tried to avoid them. Criminals most often didn? t do any work at all. If they needed money they stole them from political prisoners by threatening them. Applebaum explains that political prisoners were afraid of criminals because most of them were armed with knives and other sharp objects. 22But everything changed when two groups were separated in the late 1940„s due to constant tensions between them.During the outbreaks of the uprising in the Steplag camp , the criminals were shipped by the camp authorities to calm down the political prisoners, because the authorities thought that politicals were still afraid of the criminals. One can again link this to the idea that the camp authorities really had horrible ways in dealing with conflict situations. Solzhenitsyn supports this idea by stating: â€Å"Here it is the unpredictable nature of the human emotions and social movements.Injecting in Kengir lagpunkt No 3 the mammoth dose of tested ptomaine, bosses obtained not a pacified camp, but the biggest mutiny in the history of the Gulag Archipelago! †23 This source could be reliable to a historian, because although Solzhenitsyn wasn? t there at that time when the event happened, he analyses the situation as a historian and provides the reader with his reasoning. The criminals and the politicals for the first time ever joined their efforts to accomplish mutual aims, which again suggest that the atmosphere in Steplag has changed due t o the fact that Stalin died.Conversely one can agree that the criminals didn? t really impacted the uprising much. Yes, they? ve joined efforts with the politicals 21 Lev Razgon as cited in Applebaum’s â€Å"Gulag a history† p. 281 Applebaum p. 282 23 Solzhenitsyn vol. 3 p. 266 22 [9] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 and certainly increase their numbers, but one can again argue that the uprising would? ve been caused anyways even without the criminals? presence. Conclusion The introduction of the criminals to the camps didn? t really make any difference, because the uprising was already in progress when they arrived.So in the end, the Kengir uprising was the combination of three factors which included: the death of Stalin, the regime of the camp and the leadership of the Ukrainians. All three factors were interlinked and followed consecutive order. At first the uprising needed a cause of some sort, which was brought by the idea that Stalin died and the expected hope s weren? t accomplished. When Stalin died majority of the prisoner population in Steplag hoped for some changes to come, this could be reflected on how they openly celebrated his death in March 1953. But then with Beria? amnesties their expectations and hopes failed and when that happened, based on investigation, they lost all of their patience. Secondly it needed the angry group of people who would agitate their views to the prisoner population about their long term misery and then during the uprising these people would target the prisoners to act. The Ukrainians were those sorts of people. It is only when they arrived the radical changes begun in Steplag, for instance the slashing of the snitches. And one must remember that during the uprising the Ukrainians were the only nes who were preparing for the open conflict which imply that they never really trusted the USSR. And finally it needed some sort of a spark, which was caused by the incompetence of the guards. In 1954 when guard s started shooting at the prisoners just to receive salary bonuses, they made a mistake of shooting the Christian Alexander Sisoviev who was favored among the prisoners. That of course underlined that the prisoners were no longer safe from the authorities, so therefore the only choice for them was to act.Kengir uprising of 1954 marked itself as a remarkable moment in history, not only because it lasted considerable amount of time, but because it marked the end of the Soviet gulags. This in turn can be argued to be the end of the Soviet Union, because this uprising proved that the system couldn? t exist without violence. Only by using violence the government could maintain control. [10] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 A ppendix Table 1: The Nationality of Prisoners (Translated) : According to Nationality 1. (Russians) 2. (Ukrainians) 3. (Byelorussians) 4. (Azerbaijanis) 5. (Georgians) 6. (Armenians) 7. (Turkmens) 8. (Uzbeks) 9. (Tajiks) 10. (Kazakhs) 11. (Kyrgyz) 12. (Lithuanians) 13. (Latvians) 14. (Estonians) 15. (Tatars) 16. (Bashkir) 17. (Udmurt) 2661 9596 878 108 132 154 76 204 54 291 50 2690 1074 873 127 9 20 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. (Chechens) (Ingush) (Jews) (Moldavians) ? (Finnish) (Germans) (Poles) (Romanians) (Iranians) (Afghanis) (Mongols) (Chinese) (Japanese) (Koreans) (Greeks) (Turkish) (Others) 124 56 174 208 16 359 379 24 18 8 2 55 30 52 21 8 167 Table 2: Sentence of the prisoners (Translated) Sentence 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Traitors to Motherland Spying Terrorists Trozkyist Wrecking Counterrevolutionary saboteurs Sabotage Anti-Soviet Conspirators Anti-Soviet agitation 14785 1202 772 57 79 57 192 1140 755 10. Rebels 11. Combined Criminal charges 1, 3, 5 12. Combined Criminal charges 1 & 3 13. War Crime 14. Gambling 5. Mugging 16. Job and economic crimes 1421 130 36 10 8 24 19 A r eport of special department of MVD in Steplag camp about the prisoners ’ n ationality and sentence – b y the c hief of the department and the colonel Savchenko a s cited in h ttp://g – to – g. com/index. php? version=rus&module=56&page=16 . [11] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 W orks Cited P rimary Sources A leksandrovich, Vadim. L etters of the Camp Doctor . Moscow: , 1996. S olzhenit syn, Alexander. G ulag Archipelago . vol. 2 . Moscow: , 1991. Print. S olzhenitsyn, Alexander. G ulag Archipelago . vol. 3 .Moscow: , 1991. Print. G ulag Many Days, Many Lives † E xcerpt from Putevka. † 1 933. Web. 7 Aug 2010. < http://gulaghistory. org /items/show/776>. G ulag Many Days, Many Lives † R eport to Temporary Chief of Karlag Administration N ikiforov. † 1 939. Web. 7 Aug 2010. < http://gulaghistory. org/items/show/766>. S econdary Sources A pplebaum, Anne. G ulag a history . 1st ed. United States of A merica: Anchor Books, a d ivision o f Random House, Inc. 2 003. Print. † Astana Calling. † Ministry of the Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 12 January 2 010. Web. 7 Aug 2010.B arnes, Steven. † In a Manner Befitting Soviet Citizens†: An Uprising i n the Post – Stalin Gulag . 4. U nited States of America: The American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, 2 005. 823 – 850. P rint . Bikov, Dmitri. † The Prisoners Wanted Love. † Web. 23 Aug 2010. . â€Å"Documents of Kengir Uprising of 1954. † G-to-G Geologist to Geologist. G-toG. Web. 10 Sep 2010. . K rutsyk, Roman, Yurii S hapovall, and Oleh K ravchenko. â€Å"Chronicles of the Com munistic I nquisition. â€Å". W eb. 7 Aug 2010. < http://memorial. kiev. ua/expo/eng/1953. html >. [12] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 Extended Essay For other articles on the Extended Essay on Intense Cogitation, please see our helpful articles on  The Extended Essay Outline  and  Sample sources for an Extended Essay – The American Civil War. Please also check out my  extended essay exemplar  about the American Civil War. As I’m sure you all know, the Extended Essay is a 4000 word essay that is a requirement for the International Baccalaureate Diploma. You can write it in a wide variety of topics and subjects, as long as you have an Extended Essay supervisor (usually a teacher) guiding you along.Most schools encourage students to complete an outline, at the very least, for the Extended Essay at the end of IB1 to prevent students from procrastinating too much in IB2. For some people, the outline can be quite challenging; what if you just want to start writing the essay? What do I include in it? I had similar questions whilst I was writing mine, so I shall divulge some things I discovered for you to think ab out. Generally, it is a good idea to do extensive research  prior  to writing the outline.Presumably by this point you will have already found a subject, topic and a supervisor; if not, ensure that you have all three before continuing. Make notes whilst you are writing so you can pick out common themes and ideas, which will help you immensely when you start writing the thesis. Don’t forget to write the sources down! For example, I started reading about the American Civil War because I saw a documentary on naval warfare. After doing some research, I found something that really interested me — the Battle of Hampton Roads.With this in mind, I proceeded to narrow this down to: VALUE OF THE CONFEDERATE IRONCLAD  Virginia  IN THE BATTLE OF HAMPTON ROADS, MARCH 8-9, 1862 Don’t worry if it isn’t perfect! Just get your ideas down first–let   editing take care of the problems. Once you have that, try to think of a question that concerns most of the material you have read and digested so far. Is there a problem or question that keeps on coming up in your mind when you are studying this topic? What are some common academic arguments about this topic? Try to shape that into a research question.After that, formulate a thesis which attempts to answer this question. It’s hard to understand, so I’ll show you an example from my outline here: Research Question:  To this day, the question of who won is still debated. One method for analysis would be to study the battle through one ship to determine the extent of the ship’s usefulness to its home country; if the ship was costly and ineffective in battle, it would likely not be the victor. In this battle, a study of the  Virginia  in this battle would be most beneficial since she was present for both days of the battle.Thus, the following research question emerges: how useful was the ironcladVirginia  to the Confederacy in the Battle of Hampton Roads? Thesis statement:  To examine the question, this essay will use both primary and secondary sources to explore the Virginia’s impact on industry and economics, and strategic and tactical ramifications of the battle for the Confederacy, including the Virginia’s vulnerabilities and her psychological effect on civilians and combatants. Although the Virginia was a remarkable ship, this essay will prove that the Virginia was of limited use to the Confederate war effort.This wasn’t my final research question or thesis statement, but it gave me enough of a focus to write a first draft. In essence, your task here is to find a central question to your essay, and choose a view point that you think the evidence supports. After that, you are probably ready to write a rough outline of the structure of your Extended Essay — how will you structure the knowledge you’ve learned through research into a persuasive argument? How will you make this relevant to your thesis? W hat evidence will you use?At this stage, it’s probably easiest to just write jot notes of your major arguments and some minor supporting points as it is just an outline, not a draft. It doesn’t have to be very detailed, as illustrated by mine: * Introduce Confederate naval situation and reason for ironclad construction * Introduce Battle of Hampton Roads * Research question * Thesis statement * Plan of attack (see thesis statement paragraph) * Confederate industrial situation * Confederate iron ore shortages * Issues with processing iron ore into iron plating Problems with transporting the finished product to Norfolk * Therefore, transforming the USS  Merrimack  into the ironclad CSS  Virginiawas extremely costly in terms of resources and stressed Confederate industry, which was limited at best * Battle of Hampton Roads * Military events on March 8 * Military events on March 9 * Sum up the battle * Explore weaknesses * Explore other ramifications of the battle (i e. Delay of McClellan’s Peninsular Campaign) * Psychological effect on civilians and government officials * In essence, the military value of the  Virginia  was marginal at best.She was extremely flawed, and marginally seaworthy. The Battle of Hampton Roads was a draw since she did not make a significant breakthrough, and thus all the effort and resources that the Confederacy spent on her was all for naught. She was more useful as a psychological weapon, but even that could not prevent superior Union industry and resources from overrunning the Confederacy both on land and sea. * Conclusion * The  Virginia  was the Confederacy’s V-1 and V-2.Although she was technologically advanced for her time, she did not win the important Battle of Hampton Roads, nor did she have any significant long-term effect on the war. * In essence, she was of little use to the Confederacy. Once you have these major components in your essay outline, you’re probably ready to submit it to your supervisor. Keep a copy for yourself so you can still use it as a road map when you start writing your essay draft! As mentioned above, it might also be a good idea to include the sources you’ve used so far so you don’t forget about it in your final copy! Any questions? Leave a comment!