Unit One Grade 12 Biology Study Notes Essay Example for Free

Unit One Grade 12 Biology Study Notes EssayLipids (Fats, phospholipids, sterols)Fatsused to insulate the body as swell up as protect organsSATURATED-better for you-one or to a greater extent double wedges between carbons-less hydrogens-oils (sunf petty(a)er, flax)-lower melting pointUNSATURATED-worse for you-single bonds between carbons-to a greater extent hydrogens-animal fats-higher melting pointsPhospholipid-2 fatty acids, 1 glycerol, phosphate group, + choline group -hydrophobic tails-hydrophilic headsPhospholipid BilayerGroupings of phospholipids move together and create a protective membrane with the hydrophilic heads one the outside and very inside of the cubicle and the hydrophobic tails facing one another. Sterols-4 hydrocarbon chemical chains fused together-many functional groups attachedCHOLESTEROL-a big part of the jail cellphone membrane cells acidulate cholesterol into vitamin D and bile saltsCarbohydrates (mono, di, poly saccharides)Monosaccharides- hold en ergy and store it for cellular respiration Simple sugars provide short term energy and storage-most general one is Glucose (C6H12O)-glactose and fructose argon chemical i aboutrs meaning they have the same chemical formula but different structures.Disaccharides2 monosaccharides combinedglucose + glucose = maltosePolysaccharides more monosaccharides combined together to create STARCH, CELLULOSE and GLYCOGENStarch (amylose-simpler diagram)- long term energy and storage Glycogen (more branched diagram) unused glucose is turned into glycogen and stored for after useCellulose- plant cells are made of this which is why they are rigid. Used in digestion in humans, cleans out colon and intestines.Proteins building blocks of lifeAmino acids constitutional compound containing an amino group and a carboxyl group Have R-groups or side chains that are responsible for how it bonds with other amino acids. The bonds between amino acids are peptide bonds. NON POLAR LIKES NON POLARPOLAR LIKES P OLARPOSITIVE LIKES NEGATIVEPrimary structureA bunch of amino acids bind together with a certain sequence coded in the DNA -the number and order of acids is specific to each different proteinSecondary StructurePeptide chains begin to bond with each other through the r groups. Bonds done in the secondary structure are usually done between amino acids exclude together. This get downs the polypeptide chain to become ALPHA HELIX or a BETA PLEATED SHEET-main bonds are hydrogen bonds between the carboxyl and oxygen atomsTertiary Structureto a greater extent bonds occur between amino acids but this time they are father apart from each other causing it to bend and fold even more4 bondsDISULPHIDE BOND- a bond between cysteine amino acidsELECTROSTATIC BOND- an ionic bond between negative a positive side chains atomic number 1 BONDS- a bond between polar r-groupsHYDROPHOBIC INTERACTIONS- a bond between non-polar r-groupsQuatrinary StructureHighest level of organizationThe bonding of deuce o r more tertiary proteins, making a lot of proteins into functional proteins.Dehydration synthesis- removal of h2o and putting two molecules together Hydrolasis- adding of water and breaking apart two molecules Redox- give an electron away = oxidized, getting an electron = reducedHomeostasisThe constant state cells try to beCertain things drumhead in and out of the cell at specific times and rates sothat the internal environment stays stable. Concentration gradient- difference between and are of high and an area of low tightfistedness Brownian motion- the continuous course and collision between molecules in a liquidPassive transport needs no energySimple diffusion- the movement of molecules from an area of high to low concentration. Small uncharged molecules like oxygen are passed through the membrane of a cell easily so that the cell can buoy have oxygen.Osmosis- movement of water across a semi permeable membrane from and area of higher concentration to an area of lower concen trationSITUATIONSFacilitated diffusion- movement of molecules that are too big to be passed through the phospholipid bilayer or are not lipid soluble. Protiens throughout the membrane assist with the movement aircraft carrier protiens move only specific molecules. Bind to that molecule and go through a series of movements and shape changing to move the molecule into the cell and and so goes through those steps again to return to its original shape. Channel protiens- proteins with a hole in the middle that allows bigger molecules to pass in and out of the cell. spry transport- requires extra energyCells need higher concentrations of certain nutrients to survive so sometimes molecules are moved against the concentration gradient using applied energy. lamentable them against the concentration gradient is nimble transportSodium potassium pumpBulk transportationNot many materials are too big to pass through the cell membrane. For those that cant, the cell membrane can wrap around the molecule to absorb it.Endocytosis-when the cell wraps around the molecule to absorb it-pinocytosis- cell inebriety, small drop of extracellular fluid with small molecules within it (most common) -phagocytosis- cell eating, large drop of extracellular fluid with organic or bacterial molecules Exocytosis-when the vesicle moves to the outside. The vesicle fixes the cell membrane and the contents are moved out of the cellCell membraneActs as a barrier for the cell, protect the internal environment from the external environment. Cell membranes around the cell as well as around the organelles. -regulates what goes in and out of the cells and organelles4 components= phospholipid bilayer, proteins, cholesterol and carbohydratesphospholipid bilayer2 fatty acids, 1 glycerol, phosphate group, + choline group provides the physical barrierseparates the extracellular fluids from the intracellular fluidsproteinsGLOBULAR-integral= derail in the hydrophobic interior of the cell-peripheral=bound in the hydrophilic exterior of the cellFIBROUS-figments of the cytoskeleton= microtubules creating a framework for the membranecholesterolact as patching system and gives the cell liquidnesscarbohydratescan connect to proteins (glycoproteins) or lipids (glycolipids) and act ascommunicators between cellsEnzymesBiological catalystsSpeed up reactions 1000000xReduce required reaction energyVery slight to their environmentWhen exposed to extreme conditions they can denature and become completely dysfunctional Arent created nor destroyed during a reactionpH and temperature affect the bodily function of an enzyme because they will only work at there maximum when in the perfect conditions. Anything other than that wont be optimal and eventually cause the enzyme to denature.Enzymes are proteins with a depression called the active turn up. R groups stick out of the active side and attract substrates with similar R groups. The catalyzing occurs in the active site.How is the active site sha pe determined by the 4 levels of protein structure? -polypeptide chain- sequence of amino acids and how the r groups react with eachother which causes a shape -then they fold and bend into secondary and tertiary structure causing for the final shape -the substrate is polar so the r groups facing out into the active site have to have some sort of polarity to attract it.SIMPLE ENZYMES- enzymes made only of protein and the function results from the 3D arrangement of the amino acidsCONJUGATED ENZYMES- enzymes with both protein and non protein parts a) apoenzyme- protein part of the enzymeb) cofactor-non protein part, close to active site.WITHIN A COFACTOR-coenzyme= vitamins that are altered during a reaction. These have to be replaced by unaltered molecules before a new substrate can attach -activators=minerals (metal ions)not only do environmental factors (pH and temperature) effect enzymes but substances can repress the actions of an enzyme.Competitive inhibiters- so similar to the s ubstrate that they enter the active site and block the substrate from bonding with the enzyme. This can be reversed by adding more concentration of the substrate.Non-competitive inhibiters- attach to a different part of the enzyme and cause the shape to change so the substrates cant bond correctlyAllosteric sites- some enzymes have allosteric sites a ways away from the active site. When substrates attach to it they can inhibit or simulate enzyme activity. Binding an activator to an allosteric site stabilizes the proteins conformation and leaves all active sites open. Binding an allosteric inhibitor stabilizes inactive forms of the enzyme.

IQ causes success Essay Example for Free

IQ causes success EssayI was particularly intrigued by the authors interchange of the cultural differences that affect the ways in which people deal with concepts. In order to illustrate this point, the authors point to the antithetical ways in which Chinese and American people deal with the conflict between capitalism and communism. The first tends to seek out some kind of common ground between two different concepts while the latter tends to place different concepts into either/or categories.This discussion of culturally contingent ways of sentiment made me wonder how much more(prenominal) successful blue-level political debates would be if both parties tried to understand not just the some others position but the way of thinking that allowed them to arrive at that position. The discussion of problem solving tactics (algorithms and heuristics) and obstacles to problem solving was interesting as it contained practical, real-world applications of the course material. I had one question, however, when reading this section.From the discussion, it seems that the authors atomic number 18 taking emotional detachment from the problem as a given, i. e. the ability to think logically about the problem is a prerequisite for problem solving. However, they do not ever explicitly discuss this necessity or how to achieve it. With regards to IQ, the authors discuss a longitudinal study undertaken by Lewis Terman in the 1920s. Terman found that children with high IQs continued to have academic and career success throughout their lives.The way the authors discussion is worded, it seems that they are saying that high IQ causes success. However, there could have been other contributing factors to these individuals success. For example, a child identified early on as having a high IQ might have more encouragement and caution from their parents and teachers. They might also be subjected to greater expectations for success. These factors, and not just the IQ alone, cou ld also cause the success of the individual.

Quantitative And Qualitative Methodologies

Quantitative And Qualitative MethodologiesThis essay analyses the key viewpoints underpinning the surmisal and critically tax the suitability of numeric and qualitative systemologies to undertake an empirical investigate into procurement practice through a literature review. However the port in which question is conducted may be conceived of in terms of the research philosophy subscribed to, the research strategy employed and so the research instruments utilised in the interest group of a goal the research designs and the quest for the solution of a problem the research question.The purpose of this essay is to discuss the research philosophy in apprisal to different philosophies expound the research strategy, including the research methodologies and techniques that suits the proposed research aim (Jankowicz 2003a Stevenson and Cooper 1997)The essay discusses the research philosophies set out the approaches to research positivist and interpretivist quantitative and qua litative studies, and how they ar mixed.Denzin and Lincoln (1998) put forward that a research philosophy is a belief about the way in which information about a phenomenon should be gathered, analysed and functiond. The term epistemology (what is known to be true) as opposed to doxology (what is believed to be true) encompasses the various philosophies of research approach. Holden and Lynch (2004) press that depending where the investigator sits on the continuum of these two extremes, their ontological military strength pull up stakes influence their core assumptions concerning the epistemology and human temperament (Holden and Lynch 2004).However, Guyer and Wood (1998) argue that the purpose of erudition, then, is the process of transforming things believed into known doxa to episteme.Creswell (2007) argue that before any theatrical role of research methodology or strategy is chosen, there should be a definition of what information is needed to respond to the research q uestion. It is important to make app arnt why one choose to collect information on a certain field of view and non on an otherwise, and why choose to treat this subject field in the study and not the other (Creswell 2007).The research paradigm provides original methods of collecting selective information. The term paradigm refers to the progress of scientific practice based on peoples philosophies and assumptions about the world and the disposition of knowledge (Collis and Hussey 2003, p46)However, Jankowicz (2005) pointed out that the researcher must understand their own ontological position because it will determine what order is collected and what evidence is set aside in building the research argument, which is to do with ones epistemology.In the field of social science where the proposed research aim supplier Relationship Management fits into, there has been increasing debate regarding the research methods and theory construction. Bryman et al (2008).Fish (1990) focuse d on the distinctions between and relative merits of the traditional clinical or positivist approach and the alleged subjective approaches variously described as indispensableistic, qualitative, phenomenological, and most late(a)ly interpretive. (Fish and Dorris 1990).Giorgi (1971) characterised traditional scientific approach as reductionistic, in reducing phenomena to operational definitions deterministic, in that all phenomena argon believed to fetch causes which can be duplicated predictive, in that the goal is to predict behaviour observer free lance, in that the researcher tries not to influence the data empirical, in that only observable data are to be examined repeatable, so that the research can be replicated by other investigators quantitative, in that the phenomena should be described in a measurable terms. So, traditional research examines variables in order to predict behaviour. (Giorgi, 1971)Giorgi (197121) posits that the essential question for the human science is not how do we measure phonomena? but earlier, what do the phenomena mean?Hirschheim et al. (1985) state that both research traditions start in Classical Greek times with Plato and Aristotle (positivists) on the one hand, and the sophists (anti-positivists) on the other. After long, dark periods in European scientific thought, the renaissance of the discipline came in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. (Hirschheim and Klein 1985).Sandberg (2004) as referred to in weber (2004), state that the alleged differences between positivist and interpretive research approaches can be characterised in a number of slipway. One could argue whether Sandberg characterisation would be accepted widely. However, before the two different approaches are analysed their differences needs to be explored (weber 2004).Weber (2004) describes how positivism and interpretivism supposedly differ in terms of their various metatheoretical assumptions.Morgan and Smircich (1980) argues that the subjectivis t ontological position maintains that earth does not exist outside oneself, that ones mind is ones world, hence globe is all imagination. The polemic position to that of the subjectivist is the objectivist ontological position, which is one of realism (Morgan and Smircich 1980)Weber (2004) asserts this argument and stated that positivist supposedly believe that reality is screen out from the individual who observes it. They apparently consider subject (the researcher) and object (the phenomena in the world that are their focus) to be two separate, independent things. In short, positivistic ontology is alleged to be dualistic in nature.In contrast, interpretivists believe that reality and the individual who observes it cannot be separate (Weber 2004). In a nutshell, that the perceptions about the world are inextricably bound to a stream of experiences that one has had throughout our lives. The life-world has both subjective an objective characteristics. agree to Holden and Lynch (2 004) objectivists contend the world will still exist as an empirical entity, made up of hard tangible and relatively immutable structures, independent of the cognitive efforts of individuals. The objective characteristics reflect what one constantly negotiates this meaning with others with whom people interact. In other words, it is objective in the sense that it reflects an intersubjective reality (Holden and Lynch 2004).Kuhn (1970) added, for positivists the objects they research ware qualities that exists independent of the researcher. However, interpretivists believe that the qualities they ascribe to the objects they research are socially constructed they are product of their life-worlds. (Kuhn, T. S. (1970)Lee (1989) and Dub et al (2003) assert this argument and state that positivists tend to use laboratory experiments, field experiments, and surveys as their preferred research methods. They research large amount of empirical data that they can analyze statistically to dete ct underlying regularities. In the other hand, interpretivists tend to use case studies, ethnographic studies, phenomenographic studies, and ethnomethodological studies as their preferred research methods (Weber 2004).Easterby-Smith et al (1991) argue that objectivist content that the family between man and society is deterministic, we are born into a world in which there are causal laws that explain patterns of our social behaviour. Alternatively, Dub (2003) argues that a statement made by a researcher is true when it has a one-to-one mapping to the reality that exists beyond the human mind (a correspondence theory of truth). On the other hand, interpretivists subscribe to a notion of truth whereby a researchers initial interpretation of almost phenomenon conforms to the meaning given to the phenomenon through the researchers lived experience of it (Weber 2004).Searle (1999) limit the alleged differences between positivist and interpretivist in relation to ontology to be vacuous . He admits that some kind of reality exists beyond our perception of itKuhn (1970) recognises the inherent limitations of the knowledge they seek to build. Positivists understand fully that their culture, experience, history, and so on impact the research work they undertake and thus the results of their work. In Kuhns (19970) view, irrespective of whether researchers believe in an objective reality that exists beyond the human mind or a socially constructed reality, all accept that the artefacts they build to understand the world (theories, frameworks, constructs, etc) are socially constructed. Kuhn (1970) goes on to argue that research is a continuous journey to find improved ways to understand this reality.It is apparent from Lee (1989) and Dub (2003) argument that positivists researchers fully understand that we have no way of knowing the world as it really is, at least for the moment. In this light, pragmatically they can place little value on a theory of truth that relies on the level of correspondence between research statements they make and an unknowable thing (Weber 2004).Dub (2003) added, there are no differences between positivist notions of validity and interpretivist notions of validity. The position of the Author in this debate leans toward notion that tries to measure reality in a research. There is no way of knowing reality, so how can one know whether his measure of reality, whatever reality might be, is valid? What is believed to be a reality at one particular point in time, may change, for example, with new knowledge, at a later point in time, therefore it was never a true reality originally thenFundamentally, the Author sees little difference in positivist and interpretivist notions of reliability. Both groups of researches are concerned ultimately with the idea of replicability. In the case of positivists, the strategies and methods for achieving replicability are more straightforward because the research methods they tend to use are wel l-defined and routinized. Weber (2004) argue that in the case of interpretivists, replicability is a more-difficult goal to achieve because the research methods they tend to use are less well-defined and the subjective nature of interpretation is acknowledged explicitly. For these reasons, interpretivists try to lay out clearly their research methods and ways in which they have achieved certain kinds of interpretations. (Weber, 2004).Klein and Myers (1999) questioned whether there is any difference between positivism and interpretivism. The Author believes that the differences lie more in the choice of the research methods rather than any substantive differences at a methatheoretical level. In this regard, researchers who labelled themselves as positivists tend to use certain kinds of research methods in their work experiments, surveys, and field studies. Interpretivists, on the other hand, tend to use other kinds of research methods in their work case studies, ethnographic studie s, phenomenographic studies, and ethnomethodological studies (Klein and Myers 1999).The researcher believes that there are large-scale social forces alter and influencing individuals interpretations and behaviour (Collis and Hussey 2003).Although there are a number of variations in terminology, the majority of literature appear to use the terminology positivist to describe the quantitative approach, which is objective in nature as mentioned in this essay, and employs inductive research methods and interpretivist to describe the quantitative approach which is subjective in nature and employs deductive research methods. (Davies, 1968).The getting even of quality and quality criteria in social science research is a topic that has become increasingly prominent in methodological discussions in recent years.Gurtler and Huber (2006) argue that qualitative and quantitative methodology textbooks as well as research reports often use ambiguous language in the sense that more formulations cannot be assigned unequivocally to one of the main methodological orientations (Gurtler and Huber 2006).However, Gilmore and Carson (1996) argue that the adaptability and flexibility of qualitative research methods and techniques throughout the entire research process have many advantages. For example, at an early exploratory stage of research, qualitative methods allow the researcher to become familiar with the area(s) of interest, explore the fields and consider the dimensions involved because of their open-ended, non-pre-ordained nature (Gilmore and Carson 1996).Cohen and Manion (1994) as referred in Milliken (2001), who identified two competing views of the social sciences, modify this perspective. One view posits that social sciences are essentially the same as natural sciences and are therefore concerned with discovering natural and universal laws regulating and determining individual and social behaviour (Milliken 2001).The other view emphasises how people differ from inanim ate natural phenomena and from each other, while sharing the rigour of the natural sciences and the same concern of traditional social science to describe and explain human behaviour. Hunt (1994) back up by Van Eijkelenburg (1995) argued that it is time for the advocates of both qualitative and qualitative methods to declare a rhetorical cease-fire (Van Eijkelenburg 1995).Kirk and Miller (1986) advocated that qualitative research is implicitly orientated to the question of validity.The polemic approach to quantitative research is qualitative research. Medawar (1969) argues It is no use looking to scientific papers for they not only merely veil but actively misrepresent the reasoning that goes into the work they describe (Medawar 1969).However, Crescentini and Mainnardi (2009) state that what makes a research question a qualitative one is precisely the nature of this combination qualitative goals are different from quantitative ones, and qualitative questions are asked in a partic ular way and refer to qualitative contents. The peculiarities of qualitative goals tarry in the way the question is framed a need to describe, verify or understand. A qualitative research question must explore a qualitative argument in a qualitative way. The question has to be grounded in a qualitative argument. (Crescentini and Mainnardi 2009)Some literatures suggest that there is quite often a mismatch between the rationale for combining quantitative and qualitative research and how it is used in practice. (Bryman 2009).Fisher (2004) makes an interesting observation on the subject of mixing methods. If you take a realist stance, then aspects of an interpretivist approach could be brought in as useful adjunct to the research. But they also claim that the reverse is not true. If you are doing interpretivist research, then there is no way that an element of realism (or more seriously an element of positivism) can add to it. This is because of the positivists view of the world i.e. things are real and can be measured, which would totally contradict the interpretivist perspective of the world. Robson (1993) argues that triangulation in its various forms, or multiple methods, of obtaining information can be valuable if two sources give the same message, then to some extent they cross-validate each other and provide a means of testing one source of information against other sources which results in more credible results.According to Denzin (1978291) triangulation as a form of combination of methodologies in the study of the same phenomenon has become more widely accepted now as a means of ensuring validity. There is a distinct tradition in the literature on social science research methods that advocates the use of multiple methods. This form of research strategy is usually described as one of convergent methodology, multimethod/multitrait (Campbell and Fiske, 1959).Jick (1979) argue that these various notions share the conception that qualitative and quantitative methods should be viewed as complementary rather than as rival camps. In fact, most textbooks underscore the desirability of mixing methods given the strengths and weaknesses found in adept method designs.Yet those who most strongly advocate triangulation (e.g., Webb et al., 1966 Smith, 1975 Denzin 1978) fail to indicate how this prescribed triangulation is actually performed and accomplished.However, Gill and Johnson (2002) claim that multi methods are infrequently applied generally due to the fact that multi methods are extremely time consuming and can be costly. Indeed, they argue that where methods are well separated from one another, this approach would be impracticable (op cit). Despite this view, Easterby-Smith et at (1991) argue that in recent decades there has been a move towards researchers developing methods and approaches (triangulation) that provide a middle ground and some bridging between the two extreme viewpoints. Triangulation of methods certainly appears to be gaining support and as Hussey and Hussey (1997) point out, triangulation can overcome the potential bias and sterility of single method approaches.Rohner (1977) argue that in all various triangulations designs one basic assumption is buried. The effectiveness of triangulation rests on the premise that the weaknesses in each single method will be compensated by the counter-balancing strengths of another.The proposed research aim, as mentioned early in this essay, is the Supplier Relationship Management. As the research will require use of e-survey, semi- organise and structured interview the mixed method approach revealed to be the most suitable.There are both quantitative and qualitative research elements in the research. There are quantitative data deriving from the e-survey and there are qualitative data deriving from answers to open questions in the e-survey and the semi-structured interviews. The chief rational for using this combination of sources of data is that it was felt fr om the literature review for this essay, that a complete picture could not be generated by any one method alone. Each source of data represents an important piece in a jigsaw. (Bryman, et al 2008).

A Report on the Balanced Scorecard for Yunnan Lucky Air

A Report on the Balanced bill for Yunnan Lucky channelizeThe Chinese air duct industry is a heavily regulated industry which provides limiting flexibility to both new as well as ontogeny airlines. In the recent years m some(prenominal) blue-cost airlines have mushroomed, Lucky transfer being one of them. Lucky channelise was founded in July 2004 with an initial large(p)ization of US$2.2 million. The ownership of the airline is with Hainan atmospheric statelines, Shanxi Airlines and Yunnan Shilin Tourism Aviation.The airline exists in a crowded field of around 15 low-cost Chinese airlines. The airline, though growing, anticipates a potential squeeze in its business. The management of Yunnan Lucky Air, hereinafter referred to as Lucky Air, approached us to advice them on monitoring their act closely so as to achieve their organisational mission and objectives. After initial discussions with the management of the airlines, my team has recommended the use of a Balanced Scorecar d to monitor its consummation. I present in this narrative a Balanced Scorecard for Lucky Air that translates the airlines mission and strategy into a comprehensive set of performance measures.Recent Trends in Lucky AirLucky Air is currently based in Kunming in Peoples Republic of China. The airline has its main base in Dali airport and runs its line of achievements between Dali to Kunming and Xishuangbanna. The routes in this theatrical role have greatly contributed to most of its profits. It is slowly reaching out to other regions in China.The overall egress of the airline has been facilitated by the limited route licensing insurance policy of the Chinese government that has given Lucky Air a near monopoly status within Yunnan. The number of passengers carried by the airline has grown from 500,000 passengers over 5,746 flight hours in 2006 to 1.2 million over 17,875 total flight hours. During the same period, its operating revenue tripled from US$31.2 million to US$104.3 mil lion.Over the recent years, Lucky Air has similarly grown in terms of flights to and from destinations outside the Yunnan province. As in early 2008, the additional routes represented almost 87 of its 150 weekly flights by the airline.Lucky Air StrategyLucky Air operates as a low-cost, high-efficiency airline. This is the basis of its key strategy. The low-cost and high efficiency is maintained with utilise single type of aircraft leading to reduced maintenance and operational costs.Having only one category of seat class, thereby simplifying pricing.Having no seat assignments or in-flight entertainment.increase on-time departure and arrival by having short haul point-to-point routes.Operating mostly in secondary cities to avoid congestion and reduce landing costs.As a part of its enlargement strategy, in recent times Lucky Air has tried to build its competitive advantage by center on e-commerce. Customers flush toilet buy and refund tickets online by paying 5% to 20% less than anywhere else. The airline has created an online community for its passengers and hopes to reach to a greater extent nodes directly via its website and build more brand recognition and a loyal customer base. In addition, Lucky Air has invested in own call centres to facilitate ticket booking.Balance Scorecard for Lucky AirLucky aerate strategy rests around it being a low-cost, high-efficiency airline. A circuit card locoweed measure the airlines performance across quaternity different but linked perspectives that are derived from its vision, strategy and objectives. These perspectives entangle Financial, Customer, Internal and Learning Growth.The left-hand side of the diagram represents the cause-and-effect relationships across the four perspectives that describe low cost and high-efficiency strategy. (Refer Appendix A for an explanation of the Lucky Air Scorecard and Appendix B for Cause and Relationship between perspectives)Benefits and Limitations of the ScorecardLike any other performance measurement beak, a Balanced Scorecard is not foolproof. Before the scorecard that has been designed for Lucky Air is implemented, the benefits and limitations of the scorecard need to be examined and understood.Benefits of Lucky Air ScorecardBalance Scorecard has led companies to develop a variety of corporate scorecards suggesting a process approach to innovations in performance measurements. (Source Epstein and Birchard, 2000 and Hoque and James 1997). The benefits that can be obtained from a Balanced Scorecard depend on not just its design but withal what it is used for and how it is applied.In general, a Balanced Scorecard will help Lucky AirEnhance traditional financial accounting measures of Lucky Air by including certain(prenominal) non-financial measures. Thus, Lucky Air, through a Balanced Scorecard, can examine the drivers of financial performance by focusing at least three other perspectives customers, inhering business processes, and looking and growth. (Source Kaplan and Norton, 1992, 1996).Acquire an effective means for clearly translating a firms vision and strategy into fauna for communicating the firms strategy to the various sections of the organisation. In the subject of Lucky Air, the Balanced Scorecard can show how focusing on the customer and the services can lead to increased profits. (Source Chow, 1997 Source Kaplan, 1992)Motivate performance against established strategical goals. A handful of critical measures have been identified for each perspective and the corresponding targets have been defined. The performance measures force managers to focus on the measures that are most critical. The targets provide managers with a framework to manage the various activities in line with the corporate objectives. For example, a manager can clearly chatter that managing on underseal time is critical and it needs to be kept below 20 minutes.Ensure that its employees understand the long-term strategy of the organisation and also the association between the employees actions and the chosen strategic goals. It can provide strategic feedback and promote learning within the airline through the monitoring of short-term strategic leave behinds.Allocate resources and set priorities based on the initiatives contribution to long-term strategic objectives. (Source Kaplan and Norton, 1996).Evaluate and judge the decisions, policies, plans of the airline. For example, the success or otherwise of the decision of adopting e-commerce as an expansion strategy by Lucky Air can be examined in terms of the four perspectives and its impact on the profitability of the airline.Fosters organisational learning and continual proceeds when it is used as a strategic management tool.Limitations of Lucky Air ScorecardThough Balanced Scorecard may be an effective tool for many organisations, it may not help in improvement of performance of all organisations. A Balanced Scorecard is only a tool and the deployment of the tool rests with the airline itself. It is not easy to provide practical guidance for deployment of the scorecard. Some of the key limitations that can cause a Balanced Scorecard initiative at Lucky Air to fail are as followsEffectiveness of a balanced scorecard depends on a well defined strategy and an mind of the linkages between strategic objectives and metrics. (Source Howard Rohm pp.4). If this is lacking its deployment will be unsuccessful. The biggest limitation of the Lucky Air scorecard is that it has been designed by an external team of consultants who have been in discussion with some key players in the airline. It did not involve a cross-section of the airline in developing the system. Thus if the scorecard of Lucky Air fails to link the correct drivers in the internal and learning and growth perspective to the desired outcomes in the financial and customer perspectives, it will not be effective.A scorecard may not be effective if it includes a few measures for each perspecti ve. For example, success of Lucky Air is not only a result of the training and motivation of the ground crew but the entire staff. Thus a scorecard with too few measures may not depict copious of Lucky Airs strategy and does not represent a balance between desired outcomes and performance drivers of the outcomes. Likewise if too many measures are included, the managers direction may get so diffused that he may pay insufficient attention to those measures that can make the maximum impact.No balanced scorecard can be flawless with respect to its design. The Lucky Air scorecard too may have certain design flaws which may not be visible now. These will only be detected when the scorecard is implemented. It is only over a period of time that a company will learn about the effective drivers of performance. (Source Norreklit, 2000)The scorecard on its own will not be effective if Lucky Airs top management is not committed to it. The top executives may end up looking at Balanced scorecar d as a quick fix that can easily be installed in the airline. The scorecard may have its limitations if the top management simply uses it as a checklist for operational improvements or to expand the compensation system to include non-financial measures. (Source Atkinson, A. et al, 2004)The scorecard seems to have too much internal focus.The scorecard is only depicting incentives for desired behaviour changes in the ground crew and not focusing on other employees.Conclusion and RecommendationA scorecard balances traditional financial measures of success such as profits and return on capital with non-financial measures of the drivers of future financial performance. It can prove to be an effective tool for Lucky Air if it is appropriately deployed by the airline. Appropriate deployment will require consummate commitment from all levels in the organisation by making its implementation everyones job. Moreover, the initial Balanced Scorecard should only be taken as a starting point and needs to be looked upon on an ongoing basis. Frequent reviews of the scorecard are required and new performance measures identified as a Balanced Scorecard evolves over a period of time.Data on various measures or metrics needs to be collected on a regular basis and the targets of the metrics should be sufficiently linked to rewards and incentives to motivate their accomplishment.APPENDIXAppendix A Explanation of the Lucky Air ScorecardThe classes which can be formed and the parameters which may be put in the balance scorecard areFinancial How is success measured by Lucky Airs owners, namely, Hainan Airlines, Shanxi Airlines and Yunnan Shilin Tourism Aviation? The financial parameter can be evaluated by assigning values to parameters like total revenue or increase in revenue from tickets, total amount refunded due to cancelled tickets etc. It is also measured in changes in the plane leasing costs, maintaining and operating costs etc.Customers This is the customer perspective. It foc uses on how the airline creates value for the customers. Customer perspective provides an insight into the perceptions customers hold for Lucky Air.Internal What internal processes should Lucky Air excel in to fill up customers and shareholders? Internal Processes can be known from turnaround time, on-ground time, arrival and departure delays, number of ticketing errors, customer care services etc. This would help in attaining an inclination of the operations of the organization in question.Learning and growth What employee capabilities, information systems and Lucky Airs climate does the airline need to continually improve its internal processes and customer relationships? It focuses on the motivation and training of the crew members.Starting at the bottom of the diagram, the strategy has a learning and growth objective to train and motivate ground crew with the expectation that this will lead to better improved ground turnarounds, from arrivals to subsequent departures, for its planes. This internal objective enables Lucky Air to have its planes depart on time and to get better utilisation of its airplanes and flight crews, further enabling it to earn profits even at prices that are lowest in the industry. It also focuses on improvement of internal processes to realise bigger revenue opportunities. The low prices and on-time departures attract more customers, improve customer loyalty and lead to a growth in revenues. The combination of revenue growth and low costs finally results in high profits and high return on assets.The strategy is clearer through the cause and effect relationships among objectives in each of the four balanced scorecard perspectives. These can be stated as followsIncrease revenues through increased gross revenue to existing and new customers (financial)Grow to be service oriented ( customer perspective)Excel in providing services through continuous process improvements ( internal)Bring into line employee incentives and rewards with th e strategy (learning and growth)

The Indian Tourism Industry Tourism Essay

The Indian touristry Industry Tourism EssayAtithi Devo Bhava means Guest is God. In India guest is treated as God. Max Muller stated that If we were to look the whole world to find out the country most richly endowed with all the wealth, power, and beauty which temper can bestow- in some parts a veritable paradise on Earth- I should point to India. If I were asked under what sky the human theme has most fully developed some of its choicest gifts I should point to India.Tourism is at a rising industry in India. Tourism is considered as major(ip) foreign earnings for Indian nation. India as an ancient cultural cradle of the world is considered as exotic tourist destination. It has fascinating tourist destinations like the Taj Mahal, The Khajuraho temples, The marble mountains, The Gateway of India, The Red fort and The Qutub Minar, The Ajmer Palace, The Bharatpur, Bird Sanctuary, The city of Canals and many moreThe foreign tourist longs for a tryst with India and loves to visit eac h and every corner of this big country. Tourism is the largest service industry in India, with a contribution of 6.23% to the national GDP and 8.78% of the total employment in India. India witnesses more than 5 million yearbook foreign tourist arrivals and 562 million domestic tourism visits. The tourism industry in India generated about US$100 billion in 2008 and that is expected to plus to US$275.5 billion by 2018 at a 9.4% annual growth rate. The Ministry of Tourism is the nodal agency for the development and promotion of tourism in India and maintains the Incredible India campaign. check to World Travel and Tourism Council, India will be a tourism hotspot from 2009-2018, having the highest 10-year growth potential. The Travel Tourism Competitiveness Report 2007 ranked tourism in India 6th in price of price competitiveness and 39th in terms of safety and security. Despite short- and medium-term setbacks, such as shortage of hotel rooms, tourism revenues are expected to surg e by 42% from 2007 to 2017. India has a growing medical tourism sector. The 2010 Common wealth Games in Delhi are expected to importantly boost tourism in India. (wikipedia ).Major Sub-categoriesThe tourism industry has two major aspectsi. Tourism Tourism includes various types, like medical tourism, health tourism, unearthly tourism and rural tourism, adventurous tourism..ii. Travel The travel segment includes various tour operators and other travel agencies.India Tourism Industrys Role in the World deliveryIndian tourism industry contributes to around 5.9 percent of the countrys GDP and it provides employment to around 41.8 million of inhabitants. Indias tourism industry is calculated both in terms of business and vacations. The number of foreign tourists arriving from all over the world rose from 0.37 percent to 0.53 percent as has been stated by UN World Tourism disposal (UNWTO) in the year 2006.Indian tourism exchange earnings are approxiamtely $1.5 billion and account of 0. 5 percent of the total tourism traffic of the world. Central India, The coupling Eastern states, Calcutta, Mumbai, New Delhi, Khajuraho, and Goa are the most popular tourist destinations. Rajasthan is paradise for the foreigners and this state provides a wide range of cultural and ethnic diversities to the visitors.Major international playersEmerging Trends of Indian Tourism Industry In an effort to boost the confidence of visitors and tourists after the Mumbai attacks, the Union Ministry of Tourism, India is launching a new scheme shout out India 2009 offering various incentives to foreign tourists and tourism industry. These value addition go will be offered to tourists visiting the country during the termination April 2009 March 2010. The Department of Tourism also has plans to organize road shows in countries like Singapore, Canada, UK, Japan and Australia, in joint venture with the IATO. The ongoing year will see a dress up in the advertisements and marketing through tra de fairs and exhibitions to draw the attention of foreign tourists from across the world. Moreover, there are possibilities of constructing helipads in various places to introduce the helicopter services for the tourists. The real GDP growth for travel and tourism economy is expected to grow at an average of 7.7 per cent per annum in 2010. Earning through exports from international visitors and tourism goods are expected to generate 6.0 per cent of total exports (nearly $16.9 billion) in 2009 and expected to increase to US$ 51.4 billion in 2019. According to the Ministry of Tourism, Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) for the period from January to March in 2009 was 1.461 million. For the month of March 2009 the Foreign Tourist Arrivals was 472000.The reason for the decline is attributed to the ongoing economic crisis. In spite of the short term and medium term impediment due to the global meltdown the revenues from tourism is expected to increase by 42 per cent from 2007 to 2017

Reproduction :: essays research papers

THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMThe ability to regreen groceries is one of the unifying characteristics of on the whole living things. Sexual facts of life produces offspring that are genetically different from their parents. Asexual reproduction produces offspring genetically identical to their parent. Asexual ReproductionFission, budding, fragmentation, and the institution of rhizomes and stolons are some of the mechanisms that allow organisms to reproduce asexually. The hydra produces buds starfish squeeze out regenerate an entire body from a fragment of the original body. Asexual reproduction allows an organism to rapidly produce many offspring without the time and resources committed to courtship, finding a mate, and mating. The lack of genetic variability in asexually reproducing populations can be detrimental when environmental conditions change quickly.Sexual ReproductionIn sexual reproduction new individuals are produced by the partnership of haploid gametes to attain a diploi d zygote. Sperm are male gametes, ova are female gametes. Meiosis produces cells that are genetically distinct from each other fertilization is the fusion of two such distinctive cells that produces a unique new combination of alleles, thus increasing variation on which natural selection can operate. Rotifers result reproduce asexually when conditions are favorable by having females produce eggs by mitosis. When conditions deteriorate, rotifers will reproduce sexually and encase their zygotes inside a revolting shell. Once conditions improve, these eggs hatch into diploid individuals. Rotifers thus use sexual reproduction as way to survive a deteriorating environment.Sexual reproduction offers the eudaimonia of generating genetic variation among offspring, which enhances the chances of the populations survival. Costs of this process include the need for two individuals to mate, courtship rituals, as well as a number of basic mechanisms describe later. Human Reproduction and Devel opmentHuman reproduction employs internal fertilization, and depends on the integrated action of hormones, the nervous system, and the reproductive system. Gonads are sex organs that produce gametes. Male gonads are the testes, which produce sperm and male sex hormones. Female gonads are the ovaries, which produce eggs and female sex hormones. The Male Reproductive governanceTestes are suspended outside the abdominal cavity by the scrotum, a pouch of skin that keeps the testes close or far from the body at an best temperature for sperm development. Seminiferous tubules are inside each testis, and are where sperm are produced by meiosis. About 250 meters (850 feet) of tubules are packed into each testis. Spermatocytes inside the tubules apportion by meiosis to produce spermatids that in turn develop into mature sperm.

The Whale Rider Essay -- Witi Ihimaera essays research papers

This book really grabbed me right from the beginning of the story. The story begins with the birth of fraternal twins, with the grandfather patiently awaiting the birth of the son. Right away I felt sadness when the mother and one of the twins die. The boy dies and the girl survives. The grandpa seems to non care about the girl who survived . He was longing for his grandson because he is from the Maori tribe and the tribe is waiting for the sign of a new chief to be natural . The chief would lead the village and its community to greatness. Many elders have been born but none with the strength to be the next chief. The little girl was named Pai. The grandmother of Pai took her home to raise her along with the grandfather. The grandfather showed right away that women or girls where less than a man. He longed for a new chief . This was grandpas goal in life right now. He could see that their tribe was going down hill .He had hoped one of his sons would become the chief but neither one did. So grandpa was set on his grandson becoming the next chief.It was no secret that he blamed Pia for the death of his grandson. He felt by her birth she gave a curse to the tribe. He couldnt see any truth or purpose in her having life over the grandson. He showed resentment toward her. As time went on , Pia seemed to be this stubborn, curious, and smart little tomboy . The grandfather didnt like that pia was a tomboy . He wanted her to stay away from a...